NURS 231 (NURS231) EXAM
ELABORATION 2025/2026 UPDATE WITH
COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWERS
100% VERIFIED <RECENT VERSION>
conscious incompetence - ANSWER aware you lack cultural knowledge
conscious competence - ANSWER intentional learning of another culture to
improve care
unconscious competence - ANSWER ability to spontaneously provide cultural
care
cultural desire - ANSWER motivation to gain knowledge in encounters with
diverse patients
cultural imposition - ANSWER forcing common/personal beliefs on others
without appreciation for cultural differences
ethnocentrism - ANSWER Belief in the superiority of one's ethnic group.
discrimination - ANSWER not providing fair treatment
,stereotyping - ANSWER oversimplified assumptions
Social determinants - ANSWER conditions in the environment where people
are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect health
Who are considered vulnerable populations - ANSWER People who are in a
low-income household, rural locations, disabled people, elderly people, children,
incarcerated, homeless, mentally ill, LGBTQ
Leading social determinants of health needs... - ANSWER economic stability
healthcare
social/community context
education
well-built neighborhood/environment
WHO - ANSWER World Health Organization.
A group that deals with health care issues on a global basis.
Delivering healthcare in crisis, gender equality throughout the world, expanding
access to medication, stopping infectious diseases (HIV, TB, Hepatitis, Malaria,
STIs)
UNICEF - ANSWER United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
,focuses on children (protection, no poverty, zero hunger, quality education, gender
equality, clean water/sanitation)
ethics - ANSWER study of conduct and character
determining what is good or valuable for individuals
bioethics - ANSWER The study of ethics related to issues that arise in health
care.
moral distress - ANSWER encountering professional situations in which the
nurse is conflicted (can't do what is deemed right)
professional nurse code of ethics - ANSWER helps groups settle questions
about practice/behavior
includes advocacy, responsibility, accountability, and confidentiality
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning - ANSWER Preconventional:
-self-centered (egocentrism), person disregards societal norms in moral decisions,
motives are driven by punishment and desire comes first
Conventional:
, -people begin to internalize their views of themselves in response to something
more meaningful & interpersonal.
The person is trying to find approval from others & their decisions reflect that
Postconventional:
-Decisions are based on individuals own moral standards that may differ from
society's, not self-serving
What are the levels of political activism? - ANSWER -nurse citizen
-employee
-nurse activists
-nurse politicians
What is a health policy? Purpose? - ANSWER decisions, plans, and actions that
are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society
What are some agencies that influence or make policy? - ANSWER FDA
(covid vaccine), CDC, AHRQ, state and local health departments.
What are the 16 professional standards from the ANA? - ANSWER Nursing
Assessment, Diagnosing, Outcomes Identification, Plan of Care, Implementation
of care, Evaluation, Ethical Care, Nursing Education and Competency, Evidence-
based Practice and Research, Quality of Practice, Communication in Nursing,
Leadership in Nursing Practice, Collaboration, Professional Practice Evaluation in
relation to statutes, guidelines and regulations, etc., Resource Allocation by the
nurse, Environmental Health and providing safe environments for patient care
ELABORATION 2025/2026 UPDATE WITH
COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWERS
100% VERIFIED <RECENT VERSION>
conscious incompetence - ANSWER aware you lack cultural knowledge
conscious competence - ANSWER intentional learning of another culture to
improve care
unconscious competence - ANSWER ability to spontaneously provide cultural
care
cultural desire - ANSWER motivation to gain knowledge in encounters with
diverse patients
cultural imposition - ANSWER forcing common/personal beliefs on others
without appreciation for cultural differences
ethnocentrism - ANSWER Belief in the superiority of one's ethnic group.
discrimination - ANSWER not providing fair treatment
,stereotyping - ANSWER oversimplified assumptions
Social determinants - ANSWER conditions in the environment where people
are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect health
Who are considered vulnerable populations - ANSWER People who are in a
low-income household, rural locations, disabled people, elderly people, children,
incarcerated, homeless, mentally ill, LGBTQ
Leading social determinants of health needs... - ANSWER economic stability
healthcare
social/community context
education
well-built neighborhood/environment
WHO - ANSWER World Health Organization.
A group that deals with health care issues on a global basis.
Delivering healthcare in crisis, gender equality throughout the world, expanding
access to medication, stopping infectious diseases (HIV, TB, Hepatitis, Malaria,
STIs)
UNICEF - ANSWER United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
,focuses on children (protection, no poverty, zero hunger, quality education, gender
equality, clean water/sanitation)
ethics - ANSWER study of conduct and character
determining what is good or valuable for individuals
bioethics - ANSWER The study of ethics related to issues that arise in health
care.
moral distress - ANSWER encountering professional situations in which the
nurse is conflicted (can't do what is deemed right)
professional nurse code of ethics - ANSWER helps groups settle questions
about practice/behavior
includes advocacy, responsibility, accountability, and confidentiality
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning - ANSWER Preconventional:
-self-centered (egocentrism), person disregards societal norms in moral decisions,
motives are driven by punishment and desire comes first
Conventional:
, -people begin to internalize their views of themselves in response to something
more meaningful & interpersonal.
The person is trying to find approval from others & their decisions reflect that
Postconventional:
-Decisions are based on individuals own moral standards that may differ from
society's, not self-serving
What are the levels of political activism? - ANSWER -nurse citizen
-employee
-nurse activists
-nurse politicians
What is a health policy? Purpose? - ANSWER decisions, plans, and actions that
are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society
What are some agencies that influence or make policy? - ANSWER FDA
(covid vaccine), CDC, AHRQ, state and local health departments.
What are the 16 professional standards from the ANA? - ANSWER Nursing
Assessment, Diagnosing, Outcomes Identification, Plan of Care, Implementation
of care, Evaluation, Ethical Care, Nursing Education and Competency, Evidence-
based Practice and Research, Quality of Practice, Communication in Nursing,
Leadership in Nursing Practice, Collaboration, Professional Practice Evaluation in
relation to statutes, guidelines and regulations, etc., Resource Allocation by the
nurse, Environmental Health and providing safe environments for patient care
