NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE PRACTICE SOLUTION SET
◉ How are obstructive lung diseases characterized? Answer:
Limited airflow during expiration due to inflammation or mucus
◉ List examples of obstructive diseases? Answer: Asthma, COPD,
chronic bronchitis, emphysema
◉ How are restrictive lung diseases characterized? Answer: Reduced
lung expansion and lung volume
◉ Define ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Answer: Imbalance
between alveolar ventilation and blood perfusion
◉ Which two conditions compose COPD? Answer: Chronic
bronchitis and emphysema
◉ What causes COPD? Answer: Chronic exposure to smoke or
irritants causing airway inflammation
◉ Genetic risk factor for COPD? Answer: Alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency
, ◉ Difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis? Answer:
Emphysema destroys alveolar walls; bronchitis causes mucus
hypersecretion and airway edema
◉ How does COPD lead to hypoxemia? Answer: Damaged alveoli
reduce oxygen diffusion
◉ How do kidneys respond to chronic hypoxia? Answer: Increase
erythropoietin production causing polycythemia
◉ Why does pulmonary hypertension develop in COPD? Answer:
Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction increasing pulmonary vascular
resistance
◉ What is cor pulmonale? Answer: Right-sided heart failure
secondary to pulmonary hypertension
◉ Signs of cor pulmonale? Answer: Jugular venous distention,
peripheral edema, hepatomegaly
◉ Define asthma. Answer: Chronic obstructive airway disease with
inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity
COMPLETE PRACTICE SOLUTION SET
◉ How are obstructive lung diseases characterized? Answer:
Limited airflow during expiration due to inflammation or mucus
◉ List examples of obstructive diseases? Answer: Asthma, COPD,
chronic bronchitis, emphysema
◉ How are restrictive lung diseases characterized? Answer: Reduced
lung expansion and lung volume
◉ Define ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Answer: Imbalance
between alveolar ventilation and blood perfusion
◉ Which two conditions compose COPD? Answer: Chronic
bronchitis and emphysema
◉ What causes COPD? Answer: Chronic exposure to smoke or
irritants causing airway inflammation
◉ Genetic risk factor for COPD? Answer: Alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency
, ◉ Difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis? Answer:
Emphysema destroys alveolar walls; bronchitis causes mucus
hypersecretion and airway edema
◉ How does COPD lead to hypoxemia? Answer: Damaged alveoli
reduce oxygen diffusion
◉ How do kidneys respond to chronic hypoxia? Answer: Increase
erythropoietin production causing polycythemia
◉ Why does pulmonary hypertension develop in COPD? Answer:
Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction increasing pulmonary vascular
resistance
◉ What is cor pulmonale? Answer: Right-sided heart failure
secondary to pulmonary hypertension
◉ Signs of cor pulmonale? Answer: Jugular venous distention,
peripheral edema, hepatomegaly
◉ Define asthma. Answer: Chronic obstructive airway disease with
inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity
