NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Complete Exam Review with Verified Questions and

NR 507
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Midterm
Complete Exam
Review 2026
2027 with
Verified
Questions and
Correct Answers

,Asthma - correct answer = Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
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inflammatory response in the bronchioles m m m m




What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer = coughing
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wheezing m




shortness of breath m m m




rapid breathing m m




chest tightness m




Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer = -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
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reactivity and smooth muscle spasm m m m m




-excess mucus production and accumulation m m m m m




-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle m m m m m




-airflow obstruction m m




-decreased alveolar ventilation m m




Bronchioles - correct answer = smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
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become the alveoli m m




3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer = innermost layer
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middle layer - lamina propria m m m m m




outermost layer m




m lamina propria - correct answer = the middle layer of the bronchioles
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mstructure of the lamina propria - correct answer = embedded with connective tissue cells and
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immune cells m




purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer = white blood cells are present to help protect
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the airways
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How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct answer = the
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WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
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damages host tissue m m




What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer = columnar
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epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells m m m m m m




What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer = smooth muscle
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cells

what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer = control the airways
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ability to constrict and dilate
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alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer = When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
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should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
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, how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer = the ongoing inflammatory process of
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asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
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Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer = -expanded thorax and hypercapnia
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(retention of CO2) m m m




- respiratory acidosis
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mWhat are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer = tiotropium and
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ipratropium

What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer = These drugs block the effects of
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the parasympathetic nervous system
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- increasing bronchodilation
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MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer = the parasympathetic system is
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stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
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receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
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- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
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constriction

m bronchitis - correct answer = inflammation of the bronchial tubes m m m m m m m m m




3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer = bronchial inflammation
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hypersecretion of mucus m m m




chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
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Perfusion - correct answer = The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells
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and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
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results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - correct answer = cyanosis
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right to left shunting
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chronic hypoxemia m




Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - correct answer = there is hypoxia due to
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unfavorable conditions for gas exchange m m m m




Right to left shunting - correct answer = when blood passes from the right ventricle through
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the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
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Causes of bronchitis - correct answer = -long term exposure to environmental irritants
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-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy) m m m m m m m m m




-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
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m Pathogenesis of bronchitis - correct answer = -Exposure to airborne irritants m m m m m m m m m m m