© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserve
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d.
, Artificial Intelligence zk zk
A Modern Approach zk zk
Fourth Edition zk
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig zk zk zk zk zk
with contributions from
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Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick, Mehra
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
n Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the online
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
site for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-
zk zk zk zk
exercises. That site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of th
z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
e exercises; an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises ar
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z k zk zk
e online rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as is, and
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
(b) we wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Copyright © 2022 zk zk
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserve
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
d.
,EXERCISES zk
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be f
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ound rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
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1.1 What Is AI?
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Exercise 1.1.#DEFA zk
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
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tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
zk zk zk zk
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply kn
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
owledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and pr
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ofit from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something q
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uantifiable we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide r
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ange of objectives in complex environments.”
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b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
the right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the
zk zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
current state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
really desire. zk
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ronment.
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d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
what it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is
zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z k zk zk zk
perfect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ity and proposes an alternative definition.
zk zk zk zk zk zk
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such t
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
hat the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not re
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
fer to any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a well-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
defined notion of truth.) zk zk zk
Exercise 1.1.#TURI zk
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several obj
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk
ections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserve
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
d.
,
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
d.
, Artificial Intelligence zk zk
A Modern Approach zk zk
Fourth Edition zk
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig zk zk zk zk zk
with contributions from
zk zk
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick, Mehra
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
n Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the online
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
site for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-
zk zk zk zk
exercises. That site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of th
z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
e exercises; an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises ar
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z k zk zk
e online rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as is, and
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
(b) we wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Copyright © 2022 zk zk
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserve
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
d.
,EXERCISES zk
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be f
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ound rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
1.1 What Is AI?
z k zk zk
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA zk
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
zk zk zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
zk zk zk zk
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply kn
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
owledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and pr
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ofit from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something q
zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
uantifiable we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide r
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ange of objectives in complex environments.”
zk zk zk zk zk
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
the right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the
zk zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
current state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
really desire. zk
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ronment.
zk
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
what it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is
zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z k zk zk zk
perfect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ity and proposes an alternative definition.
zk zk zk zk zk zk
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such t
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
hat the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not re
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
fer to any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a well-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
defined notion of truth.) zk zk zk
Exercise 1.1.#TURI zk
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several obj
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z k zk zk zk zk zk zk
ections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserve
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
d.
,
