,Chapter 01: Health: A Community View
Nies: Community/Public Health Nursing, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which best describes the primary reason that Americans are concerned about health care?
a. Politicians are discussing how to improve health care.
b. The media has provided mixed messages about the health care system.
Στοhealth
c. Our national άκροcare
ενόςcosts
χωριού
keepπου δεν υπάρχει πια σε χάρτες, ζούσε
increasing.
ένας κηπουρός
d. The new health care systemπου καλλιεργούσε
offers free services αστέρια.
to Americans.
Δεν ήταν μεταφορά. Τα φύτευε σαν σπόρους, τα πότιζε με νερό
ANS: C
από βαθύ πηγάδι, και κάθε φθινόπωρο τα μάζευε προτού
The primary reason for the focus on health care is the constantly increasing costs, which
κρυώσει
cannot be sustained. Theη costs
γη. Μετά τα έστελνε
of caring πάνω
for the sick — με τρόπο
accounted for theπου κανείςof escalating
majority
δεν κατάφερε
health care dollars, να δει. from 5.7% of the gross domestic product in 1965 to
which increased
17.8% in 2015. Ένα βράδυ ήρθε
Politicians ένας
and the νέος
media ταξιδιώτης
both influenceκαι τον ρώτησε:
Americans’ «Γιατί about health
perceptions
care; however,τον κόπο;
they Κανείς
are not δεν ξέρει
the primary ότι τα
reason whyαστέρια προέρχονται
Americans από The new health
are concerned.
εσένα».
care system will change the health care access and availability, but will not necessarily be
«Αυτό
offering any free ακριβώς
services μου αρέσει», είπε ο κηπουρός.
to Americans.
«Δεν νιώθεις μοναξιά;»
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand
Ο γέρος κοίταξε τον (Comprehension)
ουρανό. «Κάθε φορά που κάποιος κοιτάζει
τα αστέρια και νιώθει κάτι — έκπληξη, ελπίδα, ηρεμία — αυτή η
2. A nurse has begun to lobby with politicians for changes to the health care system. Why is this
στιγμή είναι δική μου, χωρίς να το ξέρει ο ίδιος. Ποια μοναξιά;»
involvement important?
a. Nurses, asΟcentral
ταξιδιώτης έφυγε
characters τα χαράματα
in several popularχωρίς να πει
TV series, areαντίο. Αλλά
currently very
visible in εκείνο
American το βράδυ,
media. για πρώτη φορά στη ζωή του, κοίταξε τον
b. Nurses areουρανό
primarily επίresponsible
ώρα. for managing the various units in our health care
system. Τρία αστέρια ήταν καινούρια. Ο κηπουρός ήξερε. Χαμογέλασε
c. Nurses areκαιtheεπέστρεψε στονofκήπο
largest segment του.
health care providers.
d. Nurses are the only group that is employed both inside and outside of hospitals.
ANS: C
As the largest segment of health care providers, nurses are informed about the current health
care system and all the problems that result from people not seeking care until they are
desperately ill. Nurses, as the American Nurses Association (ANA) emphasize, usually
believe that health care is a right, not a privilege. Therefore, nurses, whose work is central to
our current health care delivery system, can also be instrumental in working politically to
create a health care delivery system that will meet health needs. While nurses are in several
current TV series and are employed both inside and outside of hospitals, physicians and other
health care providers are as well. Nurses are often managers, but managers often have other
backgrounds, such as business administration.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
3. What conclusion can be drawn from examining where nurses are employed?
a. There is a trend toward consolidation of health care into large central medical
centers.
b. There is an increased emphasis on community-based health care.
c. There is an obvious need to decrease health care costs by cutting positions.
d. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are employing nurses to improve customer
, relations.
ANS: B
MCOs are employing nurses in many capacities. Although hospitals are closing and acute care
is increasingly found in central medical centers, the same trend may be seen in an increase in
neighborhood-based practice centers. While positions are cut in most industries, health care is
recognized as an area where growth in employment is expected. However, nurses are
increasingly employed in community settings as opposed to hospitals. This change reflects the
move toward community-based care rather than hospital-based tertiary care. To help decrease
the continued rise in health care costs, the increased emphasis is on disease prevention rather
than high-cost treatment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
4. Which ethical belief would be most helpful in the current health care crisis?
a. Emphasis should be on individual and corporation freedom in the marketplace.
b. Emphasis should be on individual autonomy and freedom of choice.
c. Emphasis should be on social justice and collective responsibility.
d. Emphasis should be on the effectiveness of technology in resolving problems.
ANS: C
Public health recognizes the necessity of collective action in keeping the environment safe and
in egalitarian tradition and vision. An overinvestment in technology and seeking of cures
within the market justice system has stifled the evolution of a health system to protect and
preserve the health of the population. Although individual autonomy and freedom of choice
are important, so is the recognition of collective responsibility in ensuring social justice,
which entitles all people to basic necessities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
5. What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People 2020’s emphasis on choosing healthy
lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices?
a. Emphasis on other lifestyle choices, such as not smoking and minimal use of
alcohol or drugs, is also needed.
b. All of us must work together to make unhealthy behaviors socially unacceptable.
c. It costs more to make healthy choices, such as buying and eating fresh fruits and
vegetables as opposed to quick and cheap fast-food choices.
d. Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and
environmental changes needed for well-being.
ANS: D
Although all responses are accurate, the primary problem is the emphasis on personal choices
in the Healthy People 2020 objectives. Emphasis on personal choices ignores the need for
community responsibility and action that addresses environmental or cultural restraints to
health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
6. What responsibility does the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics require of
the nurse beyond giving excellent care to patients?
a. Accept longer work schedules to ensure that professional care is always available
, to clients.
b. Recognize the need for experienced nurses to mentor new graduates to help
increase and expand the number of professionals available.
c. Support health legislation to improve accessibility and cost of health care.
d. Volunteer to work overtime as needed to ensure maximum quality of care.
ANS: C
The ANA Code of Ethics promotes social reform by focusing on health policy and legislation
to positively affect accessibility, quality, and cost of health care. The code does not directly
address workplace issues, such as work schedules or need for overtime.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis)
7. What is the community health nursing definition of health?
a. Health is a person’s goal-directed purposeful process toward well-being or
wholeness.
b. Health is an individual’s physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
c. Health is the mutual adaptation between a person and his or her environment in
meeting daily existence.
d. Health is families and aggregates choosing actions to ensure safety and well-being.
ANS: D
The text stresses that health is not just the result of an individual’s choices, but choices and
actions of individuals, families, groups, and communities that lead to better health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
8. How does community health nursing define community?
a. A group of persons living within specific geographic boundaries
b. A group of persons who share a common identity and environment
c. A group of persons who work together to meet common goals
d. A group of persons who resolve a community concern
ANS: B
Community health nurses work with both geopolitical groups (within specific geographic
boundaries) and phenomenological groups (who have a common identity based on culture,
history, or goals). A particular phenomenological group may or may not have been a planned
group—that is, a group that came together to resolve a recognized common problem or to
meet a common goal. However, of all the choices, a group of persons who share a common
identity (phenomenological group) and environment (which implies a specific geographic
setting) is the broadest and most complete definition.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
9. Which variable has a major influence on a community’s health?
a. Behavior choices made by persons in the community
b. Number of health care providers and hospitals in the community
c. Quality of the public safety officers (police officers, firefighters, etc.)
d. The number and credentials of public health officials in the community
ANS: A
Nies: Community/Public Health Nursing, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which best describes the primary reason that Americans are concerned about health care?
a. Politicians are discussing how to improve health care.
b. The media has provided mixed messages about the health care system.
Στοhealth
c. Our national άκροcare
ενόςcosts
χωριού
keepπου δεν υπάρχει πια σε χάρτες, ζούσε
increasing.
ένας κηπουρός
d. The new health care systemπου καλλιεργούσε
offers free services αστέρια.
to Americans.
Δεν ήταν μεταφορά. Τα φύτευε σαν σπόρους, τα πότιζε με νερό
ANS: C
από βαθύ πηγάδι, και κάθε φθινόπωρο τα μάζευε προτού
The primary reason for the focus on health care is the constantly increasing costs, which
κρυώσει
cannot be sustained. Theη costs
γη. Μετά τα έστελνε
of caring πάνω
for the sick — με τρόπο
accounted for theπου κανείςof escalating
majority
δεν κατάφερε
health care dollars, να δει. from 5.7% of the gross domestic product in 1965 to
which increased
17.8% in 2015. Ένα βράδυ ήρθε
Politicians ένας
and the νέος
media ταξιδιώτης
both influenceκαι τον ρώτησε:
Americans’ «Γιατί about health
perceptions
care; however,τον κόπο;
they Κανείς
are not δεν ξέρει
the primary ότι τα
reason whyαστέρια προέρχονται
Americans από The new health
are concerned.
εσένα».
care system will change the health care access and availability, but will not necessarily be
«Αυτό
offering any free ακριβώς
services μου αρέσει», είπε ο κηπουρός.
to Americans.
«Δεν νιώθεις μοναξιά;»
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand
Ο γέρος κοίταξε τον (Comprehension)
ουρανό. «Κάθε φορά που κάποιος κοιτάζει
τα αστέρια και νιώθει κάτι — έκπληξη, ελπίδα, ηρεμία — αυτή η
2. A nurse has begun to lobby with politicians for changes to the health care system. Why is this
στιγμή είναι δική μου, χωρίς να το ξέρει ο ίδιος. Ποια μοναξιά;»
involvement important?
a. Nurses, asΟcentral
ταξιδιώτης έφυγε
characters τα χαράματα
in several popularχωρίς να πει
TV series, areαντίο. Αλλά
currently very
visible in εκείνο
American το βράδυ,
media. για πρώτη φορά στη ζωή του, κοίταξε τον
b. Nurses areουρανό
primarily επίresponsible
ώρα. for managing the various units in our health care
system. Τρία αστέρια ήταν καινούρια. Ο κηπουρός ήξερε. Χαμογέλασε
c. Nurses areκαιtheεπέστρεψε στονofκήπο
largest segment του.
health care providers.
d. Nurses are the only group that is employed both inside and outside of hospitals.
ANS: C
As the largest segment of health care providers, nurses are informed about the current health
care system and all the problems that result from people not seeking care until they are
desperately ill. Nurses, as the American Nurses Association (ANA) emphasize, usually
believe that health care is a right, not a privilege. Therefore, nurses, whose work is central to
our current health care delivery system, can also be instrumental in working politically to
create a health care delivery system that will meet health needs. While nurses are in several
current TV series and are employed both inside and outside of hospitals, physicians and other
health care providers are as well. Nurses are often managers, but managers often have other
backgrounds, such as business administration.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
3. What conclusion can be drawn from examining where nurses are employed?
a. There is a trend toward consolidation of health care into large central medical
centers.
b. There is an increased emphasis on community-based health care.
c. There is an obvious need to decrease health care costs by cutting positions.
d. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are employing nurses to improve customer
, relations.
ANS: B
MCOs are employing nurses in many capacities. Although hospitals are closing and acute care
is increasingly found in central medical centers, the same trend may be seen in an increase in
neighborhood-based practice centers. While positions are cut in most industries, health care is
recognized as an area where growth in employment is expected. However, nurses are
increasingly employed in community settings as opposed to hospitals. This change reflects the
move toward community-based care rather than hospital-based tertiary care. To help decrease
the continued rise in health care costs, the increased emphasis is on disease prevention rather
than high-cost treatment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
4. Which ethical belief would be most helpful in the current health care crisis?
a. Emphasis should be on individual and corporation freedom in the marketplace.
b. Emphasis should be on individual autonomy and freedom of choice.
c. Emphasis should be on social justice and collective responsibility.
d. Emphasis should be on the effectiveness of technology in resolving problems.
ANS: C
Public health recognizes the necessity of collective action in keeping the environment safe and
in egalitarian tradition and vision. An overinvestment in technology and seeking of cures
within the market justice system has stifled the evolution of a health system to protect and
preserve the health of the population. Although individual autonomy and freedom of choice
are important, so is the recognition of collective responsibility in ensuring social justice,
which entitles all people to basic necessities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
5. What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People 2020’s emphasis on choosing healthy
lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices?
a. Emphasis on other lifestyle choices, such as not smoking and minimal use of
alcohol or drugs, is also needed.
b. All of us must work together to make unhealthy behaviors socially unacceptable.
c. It costs more to make healthy choices, such as buying and eating fresh fruits and
vegetables as opposed to quick and cheap fast-food choices.
d. Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and
environmental changes needed for well-being.
ANS: D
Although all responses are accurate, the primary problem is the emphasis on personal choices
in the Healthy People 2020 objectives. Emphasis on personal choices ignores the need for
community responsibility and action that addresses environmental or cultural restraints to
health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
6. What responsibility does the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics require of
the nurse beyond giving excellent care to patients?
a. Accept longer work schedules to ensure that professional care is always available
, to clients.
b. Recognize the need for experienced nurses to mentor new graduates to help
increase and expand the number of professionals available.
c. Support health legislation to improve accessibility and cost of health care.
d. Volunteer to work overtime as needed to ensure maximum quality of care.
ANS: C
The ANA Code of Ethics promotes social reform by focusing on health policy and legislation
to positively affect accessibility, quality, and cost of health care. The code does not directly
address workplace issues, such as work schedules or need for overtime.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis)
7. What is the community health nursing definition of health?
a. Health is a person’s goal-directed purposeful process toward well-being or
wholeness.
b. Health is an individual’s physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
c. Health is the mutual adaptation between a person and his or her environment in
meeting daily existence.
d. Health is families and aggregates choosing actions to ensure safety and well-being.
ANS: D
The text stresses that health is not just the result of an individual’s choices, but choices and
actions of individuals, families, groups, and communities that lead to better health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
8. How does community health nursing define community?
a. A group of persons living within specific geographic boundaries
b. A group of persons who share a common identity and environment
c. A group of persons who work together to meet common goals
d. A group of persons who resolve a community concern
ANS: B
Community health nurses work with both geopolitical groups (within specific geographic
boundaries) and phenomenological groups (who have a common identity based on culture,
history, or goals). A particular phenomenological group may or may not have been a planned
group—that is, a group that came together to resolve a recognized common problem or to
meet a common goal. However, of all the choices, a group of persons who share a common
identity (phenomenological group) and environment (which implies a specific geographic
setting) is the broadest and most complete definition.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
9. Which variable has a major influence on a community’s health?
a. Behavior choices made by persons in the community
b. Number of health care providers and hospitals in the community
c. Quality of the public safety officers (police officers, firefighters, etc.)
d. The number and credentials of public health officials in the community
ANS: A
