Clinical Pharmacology:Neurophysiology, Neuron Depolarization,
Repolarization, Synaptic Transmission, Neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine,
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Serotonin, GABA, Blood-Brain Barrier,
Seizure Classification, Generalized Seizures, Focal Seizures, Hydantoins,
Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Succinimides, Lamotrigine, Topiramate,
Levetiracetam, Gabapentin, Lacosamide, Pregabalin, Parkinson’s Disease,
Dopaminergic Agents, Cholinergic Agonists, Anticholinergic Agents, Myasthenia
Gravis, Alzheimer’s Disease, NMDA Receptor Antagonists, Indirect-Acting
Cholinergic Agents Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Stimulation of a neuron causes _____________ of the nerve.
depolarization
_____________ is the return of the membrane to a resting state.
Repolarization
Neurotransmitters are:
a. Produced in the muscles to communicate with nerves
b. The chemicals used to stimulate or suppress effectors at the nerve synapse.
c. Usually found in the diet
d. Nonspecific in their action on various nerves
,Where do nerves communicate with other nerves?
At the synapse.
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)
Serotonin
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine:
Catecholamines released by SNS.
Dopamine:
Involved in coordination of motor and intellectual impulses.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA):
Inhibits nerve activity.
Serotonin:
Important in arousal and sleep; preventing depression, promoting motivation.
, Blood-Brain Barrier
Keeps toxins, proteins, and other structure out of the brain and keeps a chemically stable environment.
Challenge to drug treatment of brain disorders because many drugs are not able to cross the blood-
brain barrier.
What is the difference between generalized and partial seizures?
Generalized is electrical activity on both sides of the brain, and partial seizures are on one side of the
brain.
Focal Onset Seizures:
Aware or impaired awareness.
Motor onset or nonmotor onset.
Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic.
Types of Generalized Seizures:
Tonic-clonic
Absence
Febrile
Generalized Onset Seizures:
Motor.
Tonic-clonic.
Other motor.
Nonmotor (absence).
Repolarization, Synaptic Transmission, Neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine,
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Serotonin, GABA, Blood-Brain Barrier,
Seizure Classification, Generalized Seizures, Focal Seizures, Hydantoins,
Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Succinimides, Lamotrigine, Topiramate,
Levetiracetam, Gabapentin, Lacosamide, Pregabalin, Parkinson’s Disease,
Dopaminergic Agents, Cholinergic Agonists, Anticholinergic Agents, Myasthenia
Gravis, Alzheimer’s Disease, NMDA Receptor Antagonists, Indirect-Acting
Cholinergic Agents Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Stimulation of a neuron causes _____________ of the nerve.
depolarization
_____________ is the return of the membrane to a resting state.
Repolarization
Neurotransmitters are:
a. Produced in the muscles to communicate with nerves
b. The chemicals used to stimulate or suppress effectors at the nerve synapse.
c. Usually found in the diet
d. Nonspecific in their action on various nerves
,Where do nerves communicate with other nerves?
At the synapse.
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)
Serotonin
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine:
Catecholamines released by SNS.
Dopamine:
Involved in coordination of motor and intellectual impulses.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA):
Inhibits nerve activity.
Serotonin:
Important in arousal and sleep; preventing depression, promoting motivation.
, Blood-Brain Barrier
Keeps toxins, proteins, and other structure out of the brain and keeps a chemically stable environment.
Challenge to drug treatment of brain disorders because many drugs are not able to cross the blood-
brain barrier.
What is the difference between generalized and partial seizures?
Generalized is electrical activity on both sides of the brain, and partial seizures are on one side of the
brain.
Focal Onset Seizures:
Aware or impaired awareness.
Motor onset or nonmotor onset.
Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic.
Types of Generalized Seizures:
Tonic-clonic
Absence
Febrile
Generalized Onset Seizures:
Motor.
Tonic-clonic.
Other motor.
Nonmotor (absence).
