C190 WGU BIOLOGY CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS
◉ vacuole. Answer: specialized mainly for storage. Their membranes
do not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components.
◉ vesicle. Answer: specialized for transport and some other
functions. Their membranes can fuse with the plasma membrane,
allowing them to empty their contents into the extracellular space.
Also may fuse with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
and Golgi apparatus, allowing them to empty their contents into
those organelles.
◉ endomembrane system. Answer: describes a set of membranous
structures found in eukaryotic cells that are related to the synthesis,
packaging, and distribution of cellular molecules. includes the
endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), the Golgi apparatus,
and vesicles.
◉ glycolipid. Answer: role is to maintain the stability of the cell
membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to
the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to
connect to one another to form tissues.
,◉ integral protein. Answer: In order to carry out their functions,
some proteins need to be embedded in the membrane. These
proteins are called integral proteins.
◉ peripheral protein. Answer: Proteins that are attached to the
inner or outer surface of a membrane are called peripheral proteins.
◉ phospholipid bilayer. Answer: the fabric of the membrane. The
structure causes the membrane to be semipermeable. The
hydrophobic core blocks the diffusion of hydrophilic ions and polar
molecules. Small hydrophobic molecules and gases, which can
dissolve in the membrane's core, cross it with ease.
◉ sterol. Answer: used by some cells to maintain proper membrane
fluidity.
◉ Active Transport. Answer: moving molecules against their
concentration gradient. This is a non spontaneous process and
requires the cell to do work to move the ions 'uphill' against the
concentration gradient. To do work, the cell must expend energy and
actively move (pump) the ions.
◉ Concentration gradient. Answer: the process of particles, which
are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from
an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower
, number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a
membrane.
◉ diffusion. Answer: The passing of molecules through the
membrane into the cell.
◉ endocytosis. Answer: material is engulfed within an infolding of
the plasma membrane and then brought into the cell within a
cytoplasmic vesicle.
◉ exocytosis. Answer: an internal vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane and releases its contents to the outside.
◉ facilitated diffusion. Answer: The process of moving impermeable
molecules across a membrane (down their concentration gradients)
using channels or pores.
◉ osmosis. Answer: A process by which molecules of a solvent tend
to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less
concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing
the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
◉ selective permeability. Answer: The cell membrane provides a
semipermeable barrier between the inside and the outside of the
cell. The phospholipid bilayer structure of the membrane allows
EVALUATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS
◉ vacuole. Answer: specialized mainly for storage. Their membranes
do not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components.
◉ vesicle. Answer: specialized for transport and some other
functions. Their membranes can fuse with the plasma membrane,
allowing them to empty their contents into the extracellular space.
Also may fuse with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
and Golgi apparatus, allowing them to empty their contents into
those organelles.
◉ endomembrane system. Answer: describes a set of membranous
structures found in eukaryotic cells that are related to the synthesis,
packaging, and distribution of cellular molecules. includes the
endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), the Golgi apparatus,
and vesicles.
◉ glycolipid. Answer: role is to maintain the stability of the cell
membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to
the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to
connect to one another to form tissues.
,◉ integral protein. Answer: In order to carry out their functions,
some proteins need to be embedded in the membrane. These
proteins are called integral proteins.
◉ peripheral protein. Answer: Proteins that are attached to the
inner or outer surface of a membrane are called peripheral proteins.
◉ phospholipid bilayer. Answer: the fabric of the membrane. The
structure causes the membrane to be semipermeable. The
hydrophobic core blocks the diffusion of hydrophilic ions and polar
molecules. Small hydrophobic molecules and gases, which can
dissolve in the membrane's core, cross it with ease.
◉ sterol. Answer: used by some cells to maintain proper membrane
fluidity.
◉ Active Transport. Answer: moving molecules against their
concentration gradient. This is a non spontaneous process and
requires the cell to do work to move the ions 'uphill' against the
concentration gradient. To do work, the cell must expend energy and
actively move (pump) the ions.
◉ Concentration gradient. Answer: the process of particles, which
are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from
an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower
, number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a
membrane.
◉ diffusion. Answer: The passing of molecules through the
membrane into the cell.
◉ endocytosis. Answer: material is engulfed within an infolding of
the plasma membrane and then brought into the cell within a
cytoplasmic vesicle.
◉ exocytosis. Answer: an internal vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane and releases its contents to the outside.
◉ facilitated diffusion. Answer: The process of moving impermeable
molecules across a membrane (down their concentration gradients)
using channels or pores.
◉ osmosis. Answer: A process by which molecules of a solvent tend
to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less
concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing
the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
◉ selective permeability. Answer: The cell membrane provides a
semipermeable barrier between the inside and the outside of the
cell. The phospholipid bilayer structure of the membrane allows
