Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 |
Correct Questions & Answers / 2026
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region) - ✔✔Gastritis
Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage -
✔✔Acute Gastritis
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain -
✔✔Acute Gastritis
Gastritis develops gradually. - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis. - ✔✔Acute
Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation
of fullness after minimal intake. - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction -
✔✔Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - ✔✔Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken or eggs -
✔✔Acute Gastroenteritis
,Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting - ✔✔Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - ✔✔Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation. Genetic
vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility -
✔✔Helicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-term use of
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and
other chronic disease - ✔✔Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea,
vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
bleeding. - ✔✔Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back up into the
esophagus. - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or
fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics),
nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia,
dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. - ✔✔GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary
disease - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - ✔✔Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori
infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - ✔✔Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops
because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms - ✔✔Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ✔✔Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present with epigastric
pain that is relieved in the presence of food - ✔✔Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - ✔✔Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue
acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. - ✔✔Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - ✔✔Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - ✔✔Cushing's ulcers
Correct Questions & Answers / 2026
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region) - ✔✔Gastritis
Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage -
✔✔Acute Gastritis
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain -
✔✔Acute Gastritis
Gastritis develops gradually. - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis. - ✔✔Acute
Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation
of fullness after minimal intake. - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction -
✔✔Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - ✔✔Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken or eggs -
✔✔Acute Gastroenteritis
,Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting - ✔✔Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - ✔✔Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation. Genetic
vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility -
✔✔Helicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-term use of
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and
other chronic disease - ✔✔Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - ✔✔Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea,
vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
bleeding. - ✔✔Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back up into the
esophagus. - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or
fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics),
nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia,
dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. - ✔✔GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary
disease - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - ✔✔GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - ✔✔Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori
infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - ✔✔Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops
because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms - ✔✔Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ✔✔Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present with epigastric
pain that is relieved in the presence of food - ✔✔Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - ✔✔Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue
acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. - ✔✔Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - ✔✔Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - ✔✔Cushing's ulcers
