Psychology 1 - Midterm 2 (UC Berkeley) UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Herman Ebbinghaus performed tests on himself (primarily) and others involving nonsense syllables,
truly scientific/ systematic approach to memory, derived human memory capacity
(7) and demonstrated malleability of human mind
free recall test remembering things "out of the blue," free response, no clues or hints
cued recall test answering questions with hints, for example recalling states from memory with the
help of a blank map
recognition test identifying the correct answer, multiple choice tests, correct answer is shown
amongst other wrong answers
Savings test tests one's ability to relearn something, relearning something is more efficient
than learning all new material
implicit memory test test linked to bodily reactions, classically conditioned actions, physical skills;
describes the ability of people with amnesia to improve upon their drawing of a
star through a mirror, despite having not remembered practicing it before, or the
ability to ride a bike in adulthood
encoding the process of converting info into a form that will allow us to retrieve that
information later, sensory memory to short term memory
storage the process of retaining critical info for later use, short term memory to long term
memory
retrieval the process of accessing the stored information that we have encoded in order to
use it, long term memory to short term memory
George Sperling conducted study of sensory memory involving flash of 12 letters linked to a tone
sensory memory the hypothetical memory composed of input from external events, infinite
capacity and only lasts for fractions of seconds
short term memory (STM) information deemed relevant, novel, or important from sensory memory, capacity
of 7 (give or take 2), lasts 10 seconds to a few days, either forgotten or stored in
LTM
long term memory (LTM) the short term memory that is important yet susceptible to distortions and
complete fabrications, can be very complex
procedural memory mental and behavior actions known
, declarative memory explicit memory that is able to be consciously recalled (includes episodic and
semantic memory)
serial order (position) effect retention of information/ items is easier or more difficult due to when it is
presented with respect to other information/ items
primacy effect the ability to remember information at the beginning more easily; the importance
of first impressions
recency effect the ability to remember information at the end more easily
interference information can be lost or less accurate due to an overlap of similar information
proactive interference new material is lost (not easily stored) due to old material (difficulty with learning
new names of classmates)
retroactive interference old material is lost/ forgotten due to new material (forgetting old locker
combinations)
reconstruction effect memory can improve when there are ways to tie topics together but also leads to
sometimes including inaccurate information into our memories in an attempt to 'fill
in the gaps' or 'fix the errors'
hindsight bias altering our memory of our past thinking
levels of processing successful conversion of information from STM to LTM is highly impacted by your
approach to make sense of the information
-shallow: narrow or no connections, rote learning, no assessment or attempts to
explain
-deep: more assessment, attempt to explain, sustained by taking breaks to
increase the number of primacy and recency effects
encoding specificity our ability to recall something can be increased if we're asked to recall something
related first
-mood dependency
-language studies
-situation dependency
-state dependency
Elizabeth Loftus conducted a mall study of recalling getting lost in a mall when the event never
occurred to test the reconstruction effect
mnemonic device encoding/ storage techniques that aid in the process of information retrieval
-acronyms
-chunking
-method of loci
intelligence the ability to solve problems and adapt and learn from the environment; aspects
include interpersonal skills, memory capacity, vocabulary usage, novelty in ideas
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Herman Ebbinghaus performed tests on himself (primarily) and others involving nonsense syllables,
truly scientific/ systematic approach to memory, derived human memory capacity
(7) and demonstrated malleability of human mind
free recall test remembering things "out of the blue," free response, no clues or hints
cued recall test answering questions with hints, for example recalling states from memory with the
help of a blank map
recognition test identifying the correct answer, multiple choice tests, correct answer is shown
amongst other wrong answers
Savings test tests one's ability to relearn something, relearning something is more efficient
than learning all new material
implicit memory test test linked to bodily reactions, classically conditioned actions, physical skills;
describes the ability of people with amnesia to improve upon their drawing of a
star through a mirror, despite having not remembered practicing it before, or the
ability to ride a bike in adulthood
encoding the process of converting info into a form that will allow us to retrieve that
information later, sensory memory to short term memory
storage the process of retaining critical info for later use, short term memory to long term
memory
retrieval the process of accessing the stored information that we have encoded in order to
use it, long term memory to short term memory
George Sperling conducted study of sensory memory involving flash of 12 letters linked to a tone
sensory memory the hypothetical memory composed of input from external events, infinite
capacity and only lasts for fractions of seconds
short term memory (STM) information deemed relevant, novel, or important from sensory memory, capacity
of 7 (give or take 2), lasts 10 seconds to a few days, either forgotten or stored in
LTM
long term memory (LTM) the short term memory that is important yet susceptible to distortions and
complete fabrications, can be very complex
procedural memory mental and behavior actions known
, declarative memory explicit memory that is able to be consciously recalled (includes episodic and
semantic memory)
serial order (position) effect retention of information/ items is easier or more difficult due to when it is
presented with respect to other information/ items
primacy effect the ability to remember information at the beginning more easily; the importance
of first impressions
recency effect the ability to remember information at the end more easily
interference information can be lost or less accurate due to an overlap of similar information
proactive interference new material is lost (not easily stored) due to old material (difficulty with learning
new names of classmates)
retroactive interference old material is lost/ forgotten due to new material (forgetting old locker
combinations)
reconstruction effect memory can improve when there are ways to tie topics together but also leads to
sometimes including inaccurate information into our memories in an attempt to 'fill
in the gaps' or 'fix the errors'
hindsight bias altering our memory of our past thinking
levels of processing successful conversion of information from STM to LTM is highly impacted by your
approach to make sense of the information
-shallow: narrow or no connections, rote learning, no assessment or attempts to
explain
-deep: more assessment, attempt to explain, sustained by taking breaks to
increase the number of primacy and recency effects
encoding specificity our ability to recall something can be increased if we're asked to recall something
related first
-mood dependency
-language studies
-situation dependency
-state dependency
Elizabeth Loftus conducted a mall study of recalling getting lost in a mall when the event never
occurred to test the reconstruction effect
mnemonic device encoding/ storage techniques that aid in the process of information retrieval
-acronyms
-chunking
-method of loci
intelligence the ability to solve problems and adapt and learn from the environment; aspects
include interpersonal skills, memory capacity, vocabulary usage, novelty in ideas
