Psychology Midterm 2 (Gade, UC Berkeley) - UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
[L9 MEMORY slides] -Worries about being able to control for individual experience linked differences.
Can we study memory scientifically? -Questions about how to explore the processes involved
-Questions about the accuracy of memories reported.
Hermann Ebbinghaus - Sought to prove we could examine memory from a purely scientific viewpoint.
-He was the primary research subject.
-Used nonsense syllables to study how we acquire and forget information.
derived human memory capacity (only hold 7 +/- 2 things in their short term
memory at one time) and demonstrated malleability of human mind
Ebbinghaus memory capacity (STM capacity) 7 ± 2 - can only hold 7 plus or minus 2 things in your short term memory at one
time. Ebbinghaus is also known for his 'forgetting curve' which suggests that
people tend to continually halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a
matter of days or weeks unless they actively review the learned material [
Free Recall Test The type of testing that Ebbinghaus used with nonsense syllables. Looking for
traces of memory by asking to completely recreate what was presented.
Remembering things "out of the blue," free response, no clues or hints
Cued Recall Test Cues or hints to a path to get to the answer. Ex. Naming all 50 states is hard but is
easier if you have a blank map. No new information but giving path to info already
in your head.
Recognition Tests Ex. Multiple choice. Easier to recall when given a list of potential things. Correct
answer is shown among other wrong answers
, Savings Test Seeing if you can learn something more rapidly with previous exposure. tests
one's ability to relearn something, relearning something is more efficient than
learning all new material
periodic tablee example, previous meomrziaton experience or smtn
Implicit Memory Tests Assess info in memory that is difficult or impossible to verbalize (i.e., info that
would not be accessed on an explicit memory test) - a memory test that elicits
unconscious memories by instructing participants to respond with whatever first
comes to mind.
3 steps in memory formation -Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval
Encoding Converting information into a form that will allow us to retrieve that information
later.
Sensory memory to short term memory
Storage Retaining critical information for later use.
short term to long term
Retrieval the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded
and stored
long term to short term
Temporal Memory Stages - External events
(with sensory input)
-Sensory memory
(ENCODING) + attention to new info
-Short-term memory
(ENCODING FORWARD) (RETRIEVING BACKWARD)
-Long Term memory
Sensory Memory -Was hypothetical stage for a long time.
-Involves all of our senses.
-Information lasts only for a fraction of a second.
-Infinite Capacity (or at least really large)
-Only remember after fraction of a second the important information.
George Sperling What is the sperling sensory memory test?
Participants of the study were asked to look at the letters, for a brief period of
time, and then recall them immediately afterwards. This technique, called free
recall, showed that participants were able to, on average, recall 4-5 letters of the
9 they were given.Sensory Memory Experiment:
-List of symbols (flash of 12 letters) for fraction of a second.
-Tone immediately after tells which row to speak.
-Participant says correct row.
after, 4/4,4/4,4/4,4/4...no matter the tone
shows that the array 12 letters was ALL stored in the memory! sensory meomry
exists
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
[L9 MEMORY slides] -Worries about being able to control for individual experience linked differences.
Can we study memory scientifically? -Questions about how to explore the processes involved
-Questions about the accuracy of memories reported.
Hermann Ebbinghaus - Sought to prove we could examine memory from a purely scientific viewpoint.
-He was the primary research subject.
-Used nonsense syllables to study how we acquire and forget information.
derived human memory capacity (only hold 7 +/- 2 things in their short term
memory at one time) and demonstrated malleability of human mind
Ebbinghaus memory capacity (STM capacity) 7 ± 2 - can only hold 7 plus or minus 2 things in your short term memory at one
time. Ebbinghaus is also known for his 'forgetting curve' which suggests that
people tend to continually halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a
matter of days or weeks unless they actively review the learned material [
Free Recall Test The type of testing that Ebbinghaus used with nonsense syllables. Looking for
traces of memory by asking to completely recreate what was presented.
Remembering things "out of the blue," free response, no clues or hints
Cued Recall Test Cues or hints to a path to get to the answer. Ex. Naming all 50 states is hard but is
easier if you have a blank map. No new information but giving path to info already
in your head.
Recognition Tests Ex. Multiple choice. Easier to recall when given a list of potential things. Correct
answer is shown among other wrong answers
, Savings Test Seeing if you can learn something more rapidly with previous exposure. tests
one's ability to relearn something, relearning something is more efficient than
learning all new material
periodic tablee example, previous meomrziaton experience or smtn
Implicit Memory Tests Assess info in memory that is difficult or impossible to verbalize (i.e., info that
would not be accessed on an explicit memory test) - a memory test that elicits
unconscious memories by instructing participants to respond with whatever first
comes to mind.
3 steps in memory formation -Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval
Encoding Converting information into a form that will allow us to retrieve that information
later.
Sensory memory to short term memory
Storage Retaining critical information for later use.
short term to long term
Retrieval the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded
and stored
long term to short term
Temporal Memory Stages - External events
(with sensory input)
-Sensory memory
(ENCODING) + attention to new info
-Short-term memory
(ENCODING FORWARD) (RETRIEVING BACKWARD)
-Long Term memory
Sensory Memory -Was hypothetical stage for a long time.
-Involves all of our senses.
-Information lasts only for a fraction of a second.
-Infinite Capacity (or at least really large)
-Only remember after fraction of a second the important information.
George Sperling What is the sperling sensory memory test?
Participants of the study were asked to look at the letters, for a brief period of
time, and then recall them immediately afterwards. This technique, called free
recall, showed that participants were able to, on average, recall 4-5 letters of the
9 they were given.Sensory Memory Experiment:
-List of symbols (flash of 12 letters) for fraction of a second.
-Tone immediately after tells which row to speak.
-Participant says correct row.
after, 4/4,4/4,4/4,4/4...no matter the tone
shows that the array 12 letters was ALL stored in the memory! sensory meomry
exists
