MDC II Exam 1 Summer Rasmussen University
1. malignant vs be- Benign—Harmless; does not usually require intervention
nign tumors
Malignant—Indicates cancer; serious and can lead to death without intervention
2. Benign Tumor Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at
Cells the wrong time
Result of small problem with cellular
regulation
Grow by expansion, not invasion
Moles, uterine fibroid tumors, skin tags,
endometriosis, nasal polyps
3. Features of Be- Specific morphology
nign Tumor Cells Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific differentiated functions-contributes to body function
Tight adherence
No migration
Orderly growth
Normal chromosomes
4. Cancer Cells Abnormal
Serve no useful function
Harmful to normal body tissues
5. Features of Can- Anaplasia
cer Cells Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific functions lost
Loose adherence
Migration (metastasis)
No contact inhibition
, MDC II Exam 1 Summer Rasmussen University
Rapid or continuous cell division
Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy)
6. Carcinogene- cancer development
sis/oncogenesis
7. Malignant trans- - Initiation-
formation
- Promotion -
- Progression -
- Metastasis-
8. Primary tumor Identified by the tissue from which it arose (parent
tissue)
9. Secondary -Cancer cells move from primary location
(metastatic)
tumor -Additional tumor(s)
10. Steps of Metasta- 1. Malignant transformation - Some normal cuboidal cells have undergone ma-
sis lignant transformation and have divided enough times to form a tumorous area
within the cuboidal epithelium
2. Tumor vascularization - Cancer cells secrete tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF),
stimulating the blood vessels to bud and form new channels that grow into the
tumor
3. Blood vessel penetration - cancer cells have broken off from the main tumor.
Enzymes on the surface of the tumor cell make holes in the blood vessels allowing
cancer cells to enter blood vessels and travel around the body.
4. Arrest and invasion - Cancer cells clump up in blood vessel walls and invade new
, MDC II Exam 1 Summer Rasmussen University
tissue areas. If the new tissue areas have the right conditions to support continued
growth of cancer cells, new tumors (metastatic tumors) will form at this site.
11. Cancer Classifica- Grading
tion Ploidy
Staging
TNM
T—Tumor
N—Node
M—Metastasis
Doubling time and mitotic index
12. Melanoma stag-
ing
13. Types of carcino- -chemical carcinogenesis (30% of cancers are related to tobacco use)
gens -physical carcinogenesis
(Radiation and chronic irritation)
-viral carcinogenesis
(oncoviruses)
14. Seven warning CAUTION
signs of cancer
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
, MDC II Exam 1 Summer Rasmussen University
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
15. Diet recommen- -avoid nitrates
dations to reduce -avoid excessive intake of animal fat
cancer risk -diet low in saturated fats
-minimize red meat
-avoid alcohol
-eat bran
-eat cruciferous veggies
-eat foods high in vitamin A
16. Cancer preven- -Avoidance of known carcinogens -Modifying associated risk
tion primary -Removal of "at risk" tissue
-Chemoprevention
-Vaccination (HPV)
17. Cancer preven- regular screening
tion secondary
(Annual mammography, colonoscopy @ age 50, annual fecal occult blood for all
adults, & digital rectal exam for men 50+)
18. physical changes -impaired immunity and clotting
due to cancer -altered GI function
-altered peripheral nerve function
1. malignant vs be- Benign—Harmless; does not usually require intervention
nign tumors
Malignant—Indicates cancer; serious and can lead to death without intervention
2. Benign Tumor Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at
Cells the wrong time
Result of small problem with cellular
regulation
Grow by expansion, not invasion
Moles, uterine fibroid tumors, skin tags,
endometriosis, nasal polyps
3. Features of Be- Specific morphology
nign Tumor Cells Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific differentiated functions-contributes to body function
Tight adherence
No migration
Orderly growth
Normal chromosomes
4. Cancer Cells Abnormal
Serve no useful function
Harmful to normal body tissues
5. Features of Can- Anaplasia
cer Cells Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific functions lost
Loose adherence
Migration (metastasis)
No contact inhibition
, MDC II Exam 1 Summer Rasmussen University
Rapid or continuous cell division
Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy)
6. Carcinogene- cancer development
sis/oncogenesis
7. Malignant trans- - Initiation-
formation
- Promotion -
- Progression -
- Metastasis-
8. Primary tumor Identified by the tissue from which it arose (parent
tissue)
9. Secondary -Cancer cells move from primary location
(metastatic)
tumor -Additional tumor(s)
10. Steps of Metasta- 1. Malignant transformation - Some normal cuboidal cells have undergone ma-
sis lignant transformation and have divided enough times to form a tumorous area
within the cuboidal epithelium
2. Tumor vascularization - Cancer cells secrete tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF),
stimulating the blood vessels to bud and form new channels that grow into the
tumor
3. Blood vessel penetration - cancer cells have broken off from the main tumor.
Enzymes on the surface of the tumor cell make holes in the blood vessels allowing
cancer cells to enter blood vessels and travel around the body.
4. Arrest and invasion - Cancer cells clump up in blood vessel walls and invade new
, MDC II Exam 1 Summer Rasmussen University
tissue areas. If the new tissue areas have the right conditions to support continued
growth of cancer cells, new tumors (metastatic tumors) will form at this site.
11. Cancer Classifica- Grading
tion Ploidy
Staging
TNM
T—Tumor
N—Node
M—Metastasis
Doubling time and mitotic index
12. Melanoma stag-
ing
13. Types of carcino- -chemical carcinogenesis (30% of cancers are related to tobacco use)
gens -physical carcinogenesis
(Radiation and chronic irritation)
-viral carcinogenesis
(oncoviruses)
14. Seven warning CAUTION
signs of cancer
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
, MDC II Exam 1 Summer Rasmussen University
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
15. Diet recommen- -avoid nitrates
dations to reduce -avoid excessive intake of animal fat
cancer risk -diet low in saturated fats
-minimize red meat
-avoid alcohol
-eat bran
-eat cruciferous veggies
-eat foods high in vitamin A
16. Cancer preven- -Avoidance of known carcinogens -Modifying associated risk
tion primary -Removal of "at risk" tissue
-Chemoprevention
-Vaccination (HPV)
17. Cancer preven- regular screening
tion secondary
(Annual mammography, colonoscopy @ age 50, annual fecal occult blood for all
adults, & digital rectal exam for men 50+)
18. physical changes -impaired immunity and clotting
due to cancer -altered GI function
-altered peripheral nerve function
