Advanced Pathophysiology - Exam 4 (Endocrine) UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Adrenal Cortex (Zona glomerulosa) secretes: Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Adrenal Cortex (Zona fasciculate) secretes: Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)
Adrenal Medulla - Contains ____ cells and secretes Chromaffin cells
________: Secretes epi and norepi
Glucocorticoid functions *Gluconeogenesis (to maintain blood glucose levels)
*Catabolic effects (promotes liver uptake of amino/fatty acids for
gluconeogenesis)(Degredation of muscle and adipose tissue)
*Suppression of immune system and inflammatory response (inhibits IL-2,
decreases WBCs, intereferen with antibody production and clearance)
*Increase CO & peripheral vascular tone
*Increased GFR
*Mediate adaptation to stress
*Suppresses normal growth and development
Regulation of cortisol secretion is controlled primary *ACTH (adrenal corticothrophin hormone)
though _________ released from the __________
*Anterior pituitary
, ACTH secretion is regulated by ________ from the __________ CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone
Hypothalamus
Secretion of ACTH (adrenal corticotrophin hormone) is *Diurnal rhythm with a peak level between 6-8 am
released in a __________
*Also in response to stress. Prolonged stress may abolish the normal diurnal
rhythm of ACTH and cortisol
Negative feedback of cortisol secretion: *Increased ACTH
Decreased serum level of cortisol _____ ACTH *Decreased ACTH
Increased serum level of cortisol ____ ACTH
The primary mineralcorticoid Aldosterone
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion *RAAS (Angiotensin II binds to zona glomerulosa cell membrane receptors to
increase synthesis and secretion of aldosterone)
*ACTH can stimulate secretion of aldosterone (transient)
*Increased K+ and/or decreased Na+ concentration can stimulate secretion of
aldosterone
Diabetes insipidus is a syndrome due to a lack of action ADH (vasopressin)
of ________ leading to the inability of the ____________
Kidney to reabsorb water in the collecting tubule
Etiology of Central diabetes insipidus *Loss of 85% of cells that secrete ADH in the hypothalamus
*Head trauma, tumor, autoimmune disorders, post-surgery
Etiology of Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus *Loss of the kidney's ability to RESPOND to circulating ADH
*Hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, postrenal obstruction, drugs, amyloidosis
Clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus *Polyuria (10-20 L/day) of dilute urine
*Hypernatremia (can cause neurologic abnormalities)
*Polydipsia (due to hypertonicity)
Central diabetes insipidus (different from nephrogenic *Is responsive to injected vasopressin causing a decrease in UO and increase in
because) urine osmolality
*Low level of vasopressin
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (different from central *Unresponsive to injected vasopressin that causes no change in UO or urine
because) osmolality
*High level of vasopressin
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Adrenal Cortex (Zona glomerulosa) secretes: Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Adrenal Cortex (Zona fasciculate) secretes: Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)
Adrenal Medulla - Contains ____ cells and secretes Chromaffin cells
________: Secretes epi and norepi
Glucocorticoid functions *Gluconeogenesis (to maintain blood glucose levels)
*Catabolic effects (promotes liver uptake of amino/fatty acids for
gluconeogenesis)(Degredation of muscle and adipose tissue)
*Suppression of immune system and inflammatory response (inhibits IL-2,
decreases WBCs, intereferen with antibody production and clearance)
*Increase CO & peripheral vascular tone
*Increased GFR
*Mediate adaptation to stress
*Suppresses normal growth and development
Regulation of cortisol secretion is controlled primary *ACTH (adrenal corticothrophin hormone)
though _________ released from the __________
*Anterior pituitary
, ACTH secretion is regulated by ________ from the __________ CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone
Hypothalamus
Secretion of ACTH (adrenal corticotrophin hormone) is *Diurnal rhythm with a peak level between 6-8 am
released in a __________
*Also in response to stress. Prolonged stress may abolish the normal diurnal
rhythm of ACTH and cortisol
Negative feedback of cortisol secretion: *Increased ACTH
Decreased serum level of cortisol _____ ACTH *Decreased ACTH
Increased serum level of cortisol ____ ACTH
The primary mineralcorticoid Aldosterone
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion *RAAS (Angiotensin II binds to zona glomerulosa cell membrane receptors to
increase synthesis and secretion of aldosterone)
*ACTH can stimulate secretion of aldosterone (transient)
*Increased K+ and/or decreased Na+ concentration can stimulate secretion of
aldosterone
Diabetes insipidus is a syndrome due to a lack of action ADH (vasopressin)
of ________ leading to the inability of the ____________
Kidney to reabsorb water in the collecting tubule
Etiology of Central diabetes insipidus *Loss of 85% of cells that secrete ADH in the hypothalamus
*Head trauma, tumor, autoimmune disorders, post-surgery
Etiology of Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus *Loss of the kidney's ability to RESPOND to circulating ADH
*Hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, postrenal obstruction, drugs, amyloidosis
Clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus *Polyuria (10-20 L/day) of dilute urine
*Hypernatremia (can cause neurologic abnormalities)
*Polydipsia (due to hypertonicity)
Central diabetes insipidus (different from nephrogenic *Is responsive to injected vasopressin causing a decrease in UO and increase in
because) urine osmolality
*Low level of vasopressin
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (different from central *Unresponsive to injected vasopressin that causes no change in UO or urine
because) osmolality
*High level of vasopressin
