Tox 300 midterm 2 exam questions with
correct answers
toxicodynamics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-process |of |interaction |of |chemical |substances |with |
target |sites |and |the |subsequent |reactions |leading |to |adverse |health |effects. |what |the |
xenobiotic |does |to |the |body.
idiosyncratic |effects |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-genetically |based |toxic |reactions |that |occur |only |
in |small |proportions |of |individuals |with |no |known |cause
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |local |vs |systemic |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-systemic: |in |the |systemic |
circulation, |can |be |distributed |to |other |organs
local: |seen |with |strong |acids |and |caustic |substances, |as |well |as |inhaling |toxic |gases |like |
chlorine |or |ammonia
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |reversible |vs |irreversible |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-most |toxic |effects |
are |reversible. |cancer |or |teratogenic |effects |are |irreversible.
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |immediate |(acute) |vs |delayed |(chronic) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
acute |= |hours |to |days. |e.g. |chlorine |gas. |acute |toxic |effect.
delayed |= |cancer, |something |that |takes |months |to |years |to |set |on.
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |morphological, |functional, |and |biochemical |effects |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |morphological |effects |are |commonly |irreversible. |can |be |effects |to |limbs, |or |
effects |to |morphology |of |cells.
2. |functional: |toxicant |can |affect |a |critical |function |in |the |body, |e.g. |liver/kidney |function. |
generally |reversible |effects.
, 3. |vast |majority |of |xeno |effects |are |initiated |by |some |type |of |molecular |event. |e.g. |cancer |is |
initiated |by |cellular |dysfunction.
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |allergic |vs |idiosyncratic |reactions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
hypersensitivity/allergic |reactions: |initially |exposed |to |an |antigen |(e.g. |bee |venom) |can |get |
delayed |hypersensitivity.
2. |idiosyncratic |reactions: |genetically |based |toxic |reactions |that |occur |only |in |small |
proportions |of |individuals |with |no |known |cause
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |graded |(continuous) |vs. |quantal |(all |or |none) |responses |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |continuous |data |have |an |infinite |# |of |values: |e.g. |body |weight
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |dose |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-dose |defines |the |poison
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |duration |and |frequency |of |exposure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-e.g.
|smoking |one |cigarette |vs |a |pack |a |day |for |several |years. |can |be |important |in |workplace |
exposure |where |you |cannot |avoid |constant |exposure.
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |species, |genetic |strain, |individual |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
interspecific |differences |- |difficult |to |say |effects |in |one |species |will |translate |to |effects |in |
another. |due |to |enzymes, |receptors, |etc
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |sex, |pregnancy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-differences |between |
males |and |females |usually |related |to |differential |expression |of |genes. |males |are |much |more |
susceptible |to |heart |disease |- |thought |that |estrogens |have |a |protective |effect.
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |age |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-very |young |& |old |are |about |5-10x |
more |sensitive |to |xeno |assaults. |early |life |stage |sensitivity |is |due |to |the |lack |of |defense |
mechanisms |- |biotransformation |enzymes, |enzymes |for |detoxifying |free |radicals, |and |the |BBB |
are |all |not |fully |developed. |as |you |get |older, |liver |and |kidneys |do |not |work |as |well.
correct answers
toxicodynamics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-process |of |interaction |of |chemical |substances |with |
target |sites |and |the |subsequent |reactions |leading |to |adverse |health |effects. |what |the |
xenobiotic |does |to |the |body.
idiosyncratic |effects |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-genetically |based |toxic |reactions |that |occur |only |
in |small |proportions |of |individuals |with |no |known |cause
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |local |vs |systemic |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-systemic: |in |the |systemic |
circulation, |can |be |distributed |to |other |organs
local: |seen |with |strong |acids |and |caustic |substances, |as |well |as |inhaling |toxic |gases |like |
chlorine |or |ammonia
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |reversible |vs |irreversible |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-most |toxic |effects |
are |reversible. |cancer |or |teratogenic |effects |are |irreversible.
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |immediate |(acute) |vs |delayed |(chronic) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
acute |= |hours |to |days. |e.g. |chlorine |gas. |acute |toxic |effect.
delayed |= |cancer, |something |that |takes |months |to |years |to |set |on.
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |morphological, |functional, |and |biochemical |effects |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |morphological |effects |are |commonly |irreversible. |can |be |effects |to |limbs, |or |
effects |to |morphology |of |cells.
2. |functional: |toxicant |can |affect |a |critical |function |in |the |body, |e.g. |liver/kidney |function. |
generally |reversible |effects.
, 3. |vast |majority |of |xeno |effects |are |initiated |by |some |type |of |molecular |event. |e.g. |cancer |is |
initiated |by |cellular |dysfunction.
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |allergic |vs |idiosyncratic |reactions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
hypersensitivity/allergic |reactions: |initially |exposed |to |an |antigen |(e.g. |bee |venom) |can |get |
delayed |hypersensitivity.
2. |idiosyncratic |reactions: |genetically |based |toxic |reactions |that |occur |only |in |small |
proportions |of |individuals |with |no |known |cause
spectrum |of |toxic |effects: |graded |(continuous) |vs. |quantal |(all |or |none) |responses |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |continuous |data |have |an |infinite |# |of |values: |e.g. |body |weight
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |dose |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-dose |defines |the |poison
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |duration |and |frequency |of |exposure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-e.g.
|smoking |one |cigarette |vs |a |pack |a |day |for |several |years. |can |be |important |in |workplace |
exposure |where |you |cannot |avoid |constant |exposure.
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |species, |genetic |strain, |individual |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
interspecific |differences |- |difficult |to |say |effects |in |one |species |will |translate |to |effects |in |
another. |due |to |enzymes, |receptors, |etc
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |sex, |pregnancy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-differences |between |
males |and |females |usually |related |to |differential |expression |of |genes. |males |are |much |more |
susceptible |to |heart |disease |- |thought |that |estrogens |have |a |protective |effect.
modifying |factors |of |toxicity: |age |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-very |young |& |old |are |about |5-10x |
more |sensitive |to |xeno |assaults. |early |life |stage |sensitivity |is |due |to |the |lack |of |defense |
mechanisms |- |biotransformation |enzymes, |enzymes |for |detoxifying |free |radicals, |and |the |BBB |
are |all |not |fully |developed. |as |you |get |older, |liver |and |kidneys |do |not |work |as |well.
