PHGY 216- MIDTERM 1
1. What are the six primary functions of the endocrine system
Answer 1. maintain constant internal environment
2. growth and development
3. adaptive stress response
4. reproduction
5. red blood cell production
6. integrating with ANS regulating digestive functions
2. Define lipophilic hormones
Answer water insoluble, can pass through plasma membrane but need a carrier transport to move through the blood,
cellular receptors are within the cell- include steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
3. Define hydrophilic hormones
Answer hormones that are water soluble and do not need transporter in the
blood. Cannot pass through plamsa membrane and act on membrane receptors. Include catecholamines and peptide hormones
4. Explain the synthesis of hydrophilic hormones
, Answer 1. preprohormones made by ribosomes in
the endoplasmic reticulum
2. packaged and sent to the golgi where they are turned into active hormones
3. stored in vesicle until signal is received- this initiates endocytosis to release hormones into blood
5. Synthesis of lipophilic hormones
Answer made by specific tissues that posses enzymes needed for synthe- sis- not made before needed as they cannot
be stored- therefore production is regulated
6. Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using cAMP
Answer bind to receptor in membrane, causes activation of g-protien, this activates adenylyl cyclase which turns ATP into
cAMP which is a secondary messanger that activates kinase A- this activates target protein by interact with genes
7. Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using calcium
Answer - hormone
binds to membrane receptor, activates g-protein, which activates phopholipase C enzymes thta convert PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
IP3 mobilizes intracellular calcium to bind to calmodulin. This complex can then activate calmodulin-Ca2+ protein kinase to
interact with target protein
,8. Explain the binding complex of lipophilic proteins
Answer -passes through membrane and into
cell where it binds with receptor and this complex binds to the hormone element in the DNA which attects production of mRNA
and thus attects transcription
9. What are some key differences between the nervous and endocrine system-
Answer nervous
short duration, quick, close proximity
, endocrine
long duration, slower, can target large range of tissues
10. What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary
Answer neruhypophysis
11. What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary
Answer adenohypophysis
12. Where are the hormones released by posterior pituitary produced
Answer hypothalamus
13. Where are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary produced?
Answer anterior pituitary (stimulated by hypophysiotropic hormones)
14. What are the two types of neurons that connect the posterior pituitary
Answer -
supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus
15. What is the connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothala- mus
1. What are the six primary functions of the endocrine system
Answer 1. maintain constant internal environment
2. growth and development
3. adaptive stress response
4. reproduction
5. red blood cell production
6. integrating with ANS regulating digestive functions
2. Define lipophilic hormones
Answer water insoluble, can pass through plasma membrane but need a carrier transport to move through the blood,
cellular receptors are within the cell- include steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
3. Define hydrophilic hormones
Answer hormones that are water soluble and do not need transporter in the
blood. Cannot pass through plamsa membrane and act on membrane receptors. Include catecholamines and peptide hormones
4. Explain the synthesis of hydrophilic hormones
, Answer 1. preprohormones made by ribosomes in
the endoplasmic reticulum
2. packaged and sent to the golgi where they are turned into active hormones
3. stored in vesicle until signal is received- this initiates endocytosis to release hormones into blood
5. Synthesis of lipophilic hormones
Answer made by specific tissues that posses enzymes needed for synthe- sis- not made before needed as they cannot
be stored- therefore production is regulated
6. Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using cAMP
Answer bind to receptor in membrane, causes activation of g-protien, this activates adenylyl cyclase which turns ATP into
cAMP which is a secondary messanger that activates kinase A- this activates target protein by interact with genes
7. Describe the binding process of hydrophilic hormones- using calcium
Answer - hormone
binds to membrane receptor, activates g-protein, which activates phopholipase C enzymes thta convert PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
IP3 mobilizes intracellular calcium to bind to calmodulin. This complex can then activate calmodulin-Ca2+ protein kinase to
interact with target protein
,8. Explain the binding complex of lipophilic proteins
Answer -passes through membrane and into
cell where it binds with receptor and this complex binds to the hormone element in the DNA which attects production of mRNA
and thus attects transcription
9. What are some key differences between the nervous and endocrine system-
Answer nervous
short duration, quick, close proximity
, endocrine
long duration, slower, can target large range of tissues
10. What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary
Answer neruhypophysis
11. What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary
Answer adenohypophysis
12. Where are the hormones released by posterior pituitary produced
Answer hypothalamus
13. Where are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary produced?
Answer anterior pituitary (stimulated by hypophysiotropic hormones)
14. What are the two types of neurons that connect the posterior pituitary
Answer -
supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus
15. What is the connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothala- mus
