NRS 434VN TOPIC 1 ASSIGNMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND HEALTH
PROMOTION CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
2026 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
◉ Right heart failure. Answer: The heart does not adequately
circulate blood to the pulmonic system. Can be due to volume
overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid Valve or Pulmonic Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower
extremities
◉ Furosemide (Lasix). Answer: Loop diuretic; A drug that relieves
heart failure symptoms but does not reduce mortality.
◉ Loop diuretics. Answer: are potent diuretics, can cause diuretic
resistance and hypokalemia, and work on receptors in the thick
ascending renal loop of Henle. They also inhibit the re-absorption of
sodium and chloride at this site in the kidney.
◉ Potassium-sparing diuretics. Answer: spironolactone,
triamterene, amiloride
,◉ Milrinone. Answer: phosphodiesterase inhibitor, used for acute
heart failure.
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot. Answer: congenital malformation involving
four (tetra-) distinct heart defects
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot treatment. Answer: Children that are diagnosed
can stop hypoxic spells by squatting down (a compensatory
mechanism)
◉ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Answer: an abnormal opening
between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the
fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth; a congenital heart defect
with a continuous machine-like murmur heard over the left upper
sternal border in both systole and diastole, a bounding pulse and a
thrill on palpation.
◉ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Answer: can be effectively treated
with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin.
◉ Raynaud's Disease. Answer: a vasospastic disorder typically seen
during cold weather; involves the small arteries and arterioles in the
fingers; occasionally, the toes are also involved; is treated with
dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine)
because they cause peripheral vasodilation.
,◉ Respiratory system: Asthma. Answer: is an obstructive airway
disease associated with airflow obstruction, mucus production,
hyperactivity of the bronchial tissue, and inflammation.
◉ Asthma. Answer: *Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a
short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid.
*Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an inhaled low-
dose corticosteroid and a long-acting bronchodilator.
*Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-acting beta-2
agonist (LABA) plus a high-potency inhaled corticosteroid plus an
oral corticosteroid drug.
◉ Asthma treatment. Answer: *Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists
(SABA) are indicated only for PRN use.
*Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA, e.g., salmeterol) should never
be used in an acute asthma exacerbation; use a short-acting beta-2
agonist (SABA, e.g., albuterol).
*Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are used in acute asthmatic
attacks, but can increase heart rate, tremors, nervousness, and
reduce serum potassium levels.
◉ Asthma: Corticosteroid teaching. Answer: Instruct a patient on
any inhaled corticosteroid product to rinse the mouth after each use
of the inhaled corticosteroid product.
, ◉ Asthma: different types of inhalers used for treatments. Answer:
*Advair (fluticasone and salmeterol) is an example of a long-acting
beta agonist and a corticosteroid.
*Anoro Ellipta (umeclidium/vilanterol) is an example of a long-
acting beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent.
*Combivent (albuterol/ipratropium) is an example of a short-acting
beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent.
*Tiotropium is long-acting anticholinergic agent, not for acute
asthmatic attacks, and is used once a day in asthma and COPD.
◉ Cystic fibrosis (CF). Answer: hereditary disorder of the exocrine
glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory
tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms
◉ Cystic fibrosis (CF). Answer: a pulmonary disorder typically seen
in childhood, with an increased production of a protein-producing
thick mucus that blocks the airways, pancreatic ducts, sweat gland
ducts and vas deferens.
◉ Cystic fibrosis (CF). Answer: CF of the pancreas is also known as
fibrocystic disease of the pancreas.
◉ respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Answer: a severe
respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid respiratory failure;
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND HEALTH
PROMOTION CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
2026 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
◉ Right heart failure. Answer: The heart does not adequately
circulate blood to the pulmonic system. Can be due to volume
overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid Valve or Pulmonic Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower
extremities
◉ Furosemide (Lasix). Answer: Loop diuretic; A drug that relieves
heart failure symptoms but does not reduce mortality.
◉ Loop diuretics. Answer: are potent diuretics, can cause diuretic
resistance and hypokalemia, and work on receptors in the thick
ascending renal loop of Henle. They also inhibit the re-absorption of
sodium and chloride at this site in the kidney.
◉ Potassium-sparing diuretics. Answer: spironolactone,
triamterene, amiloride
,◉ Milrinone. Answer: phosphodiesterase inhibitor, used for acute
heart failure.
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot. Answer: congenital malformation involving
four (tetra-) distinct heart defects
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot treatment. Answer: Children that are diagnosed
can stop hypoxic spells by squatting down (a compensatory
mechanism)
◉ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Answer: an abnormal opening
between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the
fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth; a congenital heart defect
with a continuous machine-like murmur heard over the left upper
sternal border in both systole and diastole, a bounding pulse and a
thrill on palpation.
◉ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Answer: can be effectively treated
with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin.
◉ Raynaud's Disease. Answer: a vasospastic disorder typically seen
during cold weather; involves the small arteries and arterioles in the
fingers; occasionally, the toes are also involved; is treated with
dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine)
because they cause peripheral vasodilation.
,◉ Respiratory system: Asthma. Answer: is an obstructive airway
disease associated with airflow obstruction, mucus production,
hyperactivity of the bronchial tissue, and inflammation.
◉ Asthma. Answer: *Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a
short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid.
*Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an inhaled low-
dose corticosteroid and a long-acting bronchodilator.
*Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-acting beta-2
agonist (LABA) plus a high-potency inhaled corticosteroid plus an
oral corticosteroid drug.
◉ Asthma treatment. Answer: *Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists
(SABA) are indicated only for PRN use.
*Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA, e.g., salmeterol) should never
be used in an acute asthma exacerbation; use a short-acting beta-2
agonist (SABA, e.g., albuterol).
*Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are used in acute asthmatic
attacks, but can increase heart rate, tremors, nervousness, and
reduce serum potassium levels.
◉ Asthma: Corticosteroid teaching. Answer: Instruct a patient on
any inhaled corticosteroid product to rinse the mouth after each use
of the inhaled corticosteroid product.
, ◉ Asthma: different types of inhalers used for treatments. Answer:
*Advair (fluticasone and salmeterol) is an example of a long-acting
beta agonist and a corticosteroid.
*Anoro Ellipta (umeclidium/vilanterol) is an example of a long-
acting beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent.
*Combivent (albuterol/ipratropium) is an example of a short-acting
beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent.
*Tiotropium is long-acting anticholinergic agent, not for acute
asthmatic attacks, and is used once a day in asthma and COPD.
◉ Cystic fibrosis (CF). Answer: hereditary disorder of the exocrine
glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory
tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms
◉ Cystic fibrosis (CF). Answer: a pulmonary disorder typically seen
in childhood, with an increased production of a protein-producing
thick mucus that blocks the airways, pancreatic ducts, sweat gland
ducts and vas deferens.
◉ Cystic fibrosis (CF). Answer: CF of the pancreas is also known as
fibrocystic disease of the pancreas.
◉ respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Answer: a severe
respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid respiratory failure;
