GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Course Code: BIO 1100
Instructor:
Date: 2026
FINAL EXAM – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
THEORY
Multiple Choice Questions (20)
A patient with a spinal cord injury at the cervical level shows paralysis below
the neck. Which part of the spinal cord is primarily affected?
A) Dorsal horn
B) Ventral horn
C) Central canal
D) White matter tracts
Answer: D) White matter tracts
Rationale: White matter contains ascending and descending tracts involved
in transmitting signals; damage here disrupts motor and sensory pathways
below the lesion.
Which cranial nerve controls both motor functions for chewing and sensation
in the face?
A) Facial nerve (VII)
B) Trigeminal nerve (V)
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
D) Vagus nerve (X)
Answer: B) Trigeminal nerve (V)
Rationale: The trigeminal nerve controls muscles of mastication and provides
sensory innervation to the face.
During intense exercise, which part of the autonomic nervous system
primarily increases heart rate?
1
,A) Parasympathetic
B) Sympathetic
C) Somatic
D) Enteric
Answer: B) Sympathetic
Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and cardiac
output during "fight or flight" responses.
Which type of connective tissue cell is mainly responsible for producing the
extracellular matrix in cartilage?
A) Osteoblast
B) Chondrocyte
C) Fibroblast
D) Adipocyte
Answer: B) Chondrocyte
Rationale: Chondrocytes synthesize and maintain cartilage matrix.
In which layer of the epidermis does keratinization begin?
A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum spinosum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum
Answer: C) Stratum granulosum
Rationale: Keratohyalin granules appear in stratum granulosum, marking
start of keratinization.
What ion is critical for the release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular
junction?
A) Sodium (Na+)
B) Potassium (K+)
C) Calcium (Ca2+)
D) Chloride (Cl-)
Answer: C) Calcium (Ca2+)
Rationale: Calcium influx triggers vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter
release.
The pacemaker of the heart is located in which area?
A) Atrioventricular node
B) Purkinje fibers
C) Sinoatrial node
D) Bundle of His
Answer: C) Sinoatrial node
Rationale: The SA node initiates the heartbeat generating impulses around
2
, 60-100 times/minute.
Which hormone primarily regulates calcium homeostasis by increasing blood
calcium levels?
A) Calcitonin
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Insulin
D) Aldosterone
Answer: B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Rationale: PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption,
absorption in intestines, and kidney reabsorption.
Which of the following structures prevents the backflow of blood from the
ventricles into the atria?
A) Semilunar valves
B) AV valves
C) Coronary valves
D) Pulmonary valves
Answer: B) AV valves
Rationale: Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow during ventricular
contraction.
The ‘all-or-none’ law of skeletal muscle contraction means:
A) Muscle fibers contract partially when stimulated weakly
B) Once threshold is reached, muscle fibers contract maximally
C) Muscle contraction strength varies by number of fibers responding
D) Both B and C
Answer: D) Both B and C
Rationale: Individual fibers contract fully once threshold is reached; whole
muscle force depends on recruitment.
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for glucose reabsorption?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Collecting duct
Answer: A) Proximal convoluted tubule
Rationale: The PCT actively reabsorbs glucose and other solutes.
Which blood vessel type carries blood away from the heart under the highest
pressure?
A) Arteries
B) Arterioles
3
Course Code: BIO 1100
Instructor:
Date: 2026
FINAL EXAM – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
THEORY
Multiple Choice Questions (20)
A patient with a spinal cord injury at the cervical level shows paralysis below
the neck. Which part of the spinal cord is primarily affected?
A) Dorsal horn
B) Ventral horn
C) Central canal
D) White matter tracts
Answer: D) White matter tracts
Rationale: White matter contains ascending and descending tracts involved
in transmitting signals; damage here disrupts motor and sensory pathways
below the lesion.
Which cranial nerve controls both motor functions for chewing and sensation
in the face?
A) Facial nerve (VII)
B) Trigeminal nerve (V)
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
D) Vagus nerve (X)
Answer: B) Trigeminal nerve (V)
Rationale: The trigeminal nerve controls muscles of mastication and provides
sensory innervation to the face.
During intense exercise, which part of the autonomic nervous system
primarily increases heart rate?
1
,A) Parasympathetic
B) Sympathetic
C) Somatic
D) Enteric
Answer: B) Sympathetic
Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and cardiac
output during "fight or flight" responses.
Which type of connective tissue cell is mainly responsible for producing the
extracellular matrix in cartilage?
A) Osteoblast
B) Chondrocyte
C) Fibroblast
D) Adipocyte
Answer: B) Chondrocyte
Rationale: Chondrocytes synthesize and maintain cartilage matrix.
In which layer of the epidermis does keratinization begin?
A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum spinosum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum
Answer: C) Stratum granulosum
Rationale: Keratohyalin granules appear in stratum granulosum, marking
start of keratinization.
What ion is critical for the release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular
junction?
A) Sodium (Na+)
B) Potassium (K+)
C) Calcium (Ca2+)
D) Chloride (Cl-)
Answer: C) Calcium (Ca2+)
Rationale: Calcium influx triggers vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter
release.
The pacemaker of the heart is located in which area?
A) Atrioventricular node
B) Purkinje fibers
C) Sinoatrial node
D) Bundle of His
Answer: C) Sinoatrial node
Rationale: The SA node initiates the heartbeat generating impulses around
2
, 60-100 times/minute.
Which hormone primarily regulates calcium homeostasis by increasing blood
calcium levels?
A) Calcitonin
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Insulin
D) Aldosterone
Answer: B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Rationale: PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption,
absorption in intestines, and kidney reabsorption.
Which of the following structures prevents the backflow of blood from the
ventricles into the atria?
A) Semilunar valves
B) AV valves
C) Coronary valves
D) Pulmonary valves
Answer: B) AV valves
Rationale: Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow during ventricular
contraction.
The ‘all-or-none’ law of skeletal muscle contraction means:
A) Muscle fibers contract partially when stimulated weakly
B) Once threshold is reached, muscle fibers contract maximally
C) Muscle contraction strength varies by number of fibers responding
D) Both B and C
Answer: D) Both B and C
Rationale: Individual fibers contract fully once threshold is reached; whole
muscle force depends on recruitment.
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for glucose reabsorption?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Collecting duct
Answer: A) Proximal convoluted tubule
Rationale: The PCT actively reabsorbs glucose and other solutes.
Which blood vessel type carries blood away from the heart under the highest
pressure?
A) Arteries
B) Arterioles
3
