MIC 205 DAYDIF EXAM 4 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What does active mean? - answers -the person is making the immune response
Not getting immune response from someone else
What does passive mean? - answers -immune response passed from one person to
another
Naturally acquired active immunity - answers -antigens enter body naturally through
infection + immune system produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
T/f: immunity length can vary upon the agent - answers -true
Life-long immunity means? - answers -once you are exposed to these agents + your
immune system makes antibodies against these, you have immunity for life
Which antigens do we have life-long immunity against? - answers -chickenpox,
measles, smallpox, yellow fever
Immune system does not build immunity at all to which agents? - answers -influenza +
pneumonia
Agent enters, immune system mounts response, memory cells do not stay around + are
lost. Once exposed, immune system removes agent. Next time you are exposed,
immune system starts from scratch again
Immune systems loses immunity after a few years to which antigens? - answers -
diphtheria + tetanus
Need a new shot every 5-7 years
Naturally acquired passive immunity - answers -antibodies produced in body of a donor
are naturally transferred into body of recipient
Iga antibodies passed from mom to baby via breastmilk or placenta, last 1 year to 15
months, eventually antibodies disappear + baby mounts their own immune response
Artificially acquired active immunity - answers -antigens are intentionally introduced in
vaccines + body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
,Artifically acquired passive immunity - answers -introduction of antibody-rich serum
(blood plasma w/o clotting factors) taken from diseased individual to another susceptible
individual
Quick response
Passive = person receives antibodies
Artificial = done in lab or in horse
Get bit by snake, milk snake to get venom, inject it into large mammal like a horse to
produce antibodies to neutralize snake toxin, bleed horse + isolate antibodies, give you
a shot of antivenom in hospital
Passive vs. Active immunization - answers -passive = start off with injection, antibodies
used up to fight agent, amount of antibodies quickly declines bc person is not building
any more antibodies for 10-14 days
Active = natural exposure or vaccine, start with injection of antigen, mount immune
response, but you need a threshold dose of antibodies in your system to be truly
immune + to prevent signs and symptoms to become asymptomatic. Might need
boosters to keep you above threshold concentration
2 types of cancer vaccines - answers -preventative = used to prevent cancer by
targeting viruses that lead to cancer like hpv + hepatitis b
Therapeutic = used to treat patients with cancer, most are in experimental stage
T/f: just because you are above threshold does not mean you cannot be infected with
virus - answers -true
You have chickenpox vaccine, come across someone with chickenpox virus, virus can
still enter you + lay dormant until you're older + come back as shingles
History of smallpox - answers -epidemics in europe, killing half the people, people who
survived were disfigured with divots in deeper layers of their skin, once smallpox
affected royals, treatment options started happening
Edward jenner studied subset of people who never got smallpox again (people who
survived + milkmaids). Cows had cowpox, milkmaids got cowpox virus inside of them.
Cowpox closely related to smallpox, memory cells were suffice to neutralize smallpox
virus. Wanted to use cowpox virus to vaccinate everyone
Considerations of a flu vaccine? - answers -h + n glycoproteins on surface of flu virus
Conserved areas = regions of glycoprotein that are similar from strain to strain
, Variable areas = each variation of h has these regions, difference between each
Hoping immune system will neutralize conserved regions and
Each flu szn need a diff flu shot due to variable regions
Antigenic shift = more variable regions, more differences from strain to strain
Antigenic drift = more conserved regions, more similarities from strain to strain
Attenuated vaccine - answers -injecting live microorganisms, but it is weakened bc the
virulence genes are removed, so the virus can attach + replicate in your cells but not as
quickly
This type of vaccine offers best protection bc immune system has multiple responses
3 methods to design attenuated vaccine - answers -1) remove virulence genes from
microbe = don't want to remove so much genetic info that you completely change the
microbe, you want microbe to be as close to original as possible so when you are
actually infected your immune system can protect you
2) find a closely related/less dangerous organism (cowpox protects you against
smallpox) to produce a broad immune response
3) cultivate microbe under diff conditions = culture microbe in diff cell lines w/ related
receptors, microbe learns to grow efficiently in non human cells, introduce it to human
cells and microbe slowly replicates + get less virus made + gives time for immune
system to mount a response + do not feel signs and symptoms bc its so slow
Influenza vaccine - answers -guessing ahead of time of which strain is going to come
out by studying the flu's being passed between bird species over in asia
Determined h + n antigens
Amplify h + n antigens in different cell lines (chicken eggs) and attenuate virus to make
it weaker and put it into a vaccine, which will be injected into us
Good part about attenuated vaccine - answers -immune system sees all antigens on
microbe, so immune response can build memory cells to all diff antigens
Bc virus replicates, immune system sees it more than once, so there will be a
secondary response to microbe
Bad part about attenuated vaccine - answers -weakened viruses can revert to
pathogenic ways because it is alive
What does active mean? - answers -the person is making the immune response
Not getting immune response from someone else
What does passive mean? - answers -immune response passed from one person to
another
Naturally acquired active immunity - answers -antigens enter body naturally through
infection + immune system produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
T/f: immunity length can vary upon the agent - answers -true
Life-long immunity means? - answers -once you are exposed to these agents + your
immune system makes antibodies against these, you have immunity for life
Which antigens do we have life-long immunity against? - answers -chickenpox,
measles, smallpox, yellow fever
Immune system does not build immunity at all to which agents? - answers -influenza +
pneumonia
Agent enters, immune system mounts response, memory cells do not stay around + are
lost. Once exposed, immune system removes agent. Next time you are exposed,
immune system starts from scratch again
Immune systems loses immunity after a few years to which antigens? - answers -
diphtheria + tetanus
Need a new shot every 5-7 years
Naturally acquired passive immunity - answers -antibodies produced in body of a donor
are naturally transferred into body of recipient
Iga antibodies passed from mom to baby via breastmilk or placenta, last 1 year to 15
months, eventually antibodies disappear + baby mounts their own immune response
Artificially acquired active immunity - answers -antigens are intentionally introduced in
vaccines + body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
,Artifically acquired passive immunity - answers -introduction of antibody-rich serum
(blood plasma w/o clotting factors) taken from diseased individual to another susceptible
individual
Quick response
Passive = person receives antibodies
Artificial = done in lab or in horse
Get bit by snake, milk snake to get venom, inject it into large mammal like a horse to
produce antibodies to neutralize snake toxin, bleed horse + isolate antibodies, give you
a shot of antivenom in hospital
Passive vs. Active immunization - answers -passive = start off with injection, antibodies
used up to fight agent, amount of antibodies quickly declines bc person is not building
any more antibodies for 10-14 days
Active = natural exposure or vaccine, start with injection of antigen, mount immune
response, but you need a threshold dose of antibodies in your system to be truly
immune + to prevent signs and symptoms to become asymptomatic. Might need
boosters to keep you above threshold concentration
2 types of cancer vaccines - answers -preventative = used to prevent cancer by
targeting viruses that lead to cancer like hpv + hepatitis b
Therapeutic = used to treat patients with cancer, most are in experimental stage
T/f: just because you are above threshold does not mean you cannot be infected with
virus - answers -true
You have chickenpox vaccine, come across someone with chickenpox virus, virus can
still enter you + lay dormant until you're older + come back as shingles
History of smallpox - answers -epidemics in europe, killing half the people, people who
survived were disfigured with divots in deeper layers of their skin, once smallpox
affected royals, treatment options started happening
Edward jenner studied subset of people who never got smallpox again (people who
survived + milkmaids). Cows had cowpox, milkmaids got cowpox virus inside of them.
Cowpox closely related to smallpox, memory cells were suffice to neutralize smallpox
virus. Wanted to use cowpox virus to vaccinate everyone
Considerations of a flu vaccine? - answers -h + n glycoproteins on surface of flu virus
Conserved areas = regions of glycoprotein that are similar from strain to strain
, Variable areas = each variation of h has these regions, difference between each
Hoping immune system will neutralize conserved regions and
Each flu szn need a diff flu shot due to variable regions
Antigenic shift = more variable regions, more differences from strain to strain
Antigenic drift = more conserved regions, more similarities from strain to strain
Attenuated vaccine - answers -injecting live microorganisms, but it is weakened bc the
virulence genes are removed, so the virus can attach + replicate in your cells but not as
quickly
This type of vaccine offers best protection bc immune system has multiple responses
3 methods to design attenuated vaccine - answers -1) remove virulence genes from
microbe = don't want to remove so much genetic info that you completely change the
microbe, you want microbe to be as close to original as possible so when you are
actually infected your immune system can protect you
2) find a closely related/less dangerous organism (cowpox protects you against
smallpox) to produce a broad immune response
3) cultivate microbe under diff conditions = culture microbe in diff cell lines w/ related
receptors, microbe learns to grow efficiently in non human cells, introduce it to human
cells and microbe slowly replicates + get less virus made + gives time for immune
system to mount a response + do not feel signs and symptoms bc its so slow
Influenza vaccine - answers -guessing ahead of time of which strain is going to come
out by studying the flu's being passed between bird species over in asia
Determined h + n antigens
Amplify h + n antigens in different cell lines (chicken eggs) and attenuate virus to make
it weaker and put it into a vaccine, which will be injected into us
Good part about attenuated vaccine - answers -immune system sees all antigens on
microbe, so immune response can build memory cells to all diff antigens
Bc virus replicates, immune system sees it more than once, so there will be a
secondary response to microbe
Bad part about attenuated vaccine - answers -weakened viruses can revert to
pathogenic ways because it is alive
