PUBH 302 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
Explain the term: social determinants of health - Answers -the circumstances in which
people are born, grow up, live, work and age, and the systems put into place to deal
with illness
How do social determinants impact health outcomes? - Answers -Social determinants,
like poverty, lack of education, and unequal access to healthcare can contribute to
health inequities
Describe the Tuskegee Study - Answers -- Study conducted by US public health
services, working with the Tuskegee Institute
- Involved 600 black men (some with syphilis, some without)
- Researchers told the men they were being treated for bad blood, but the men did not
receive proper treatment to cure their illness
- This study continued for 40 years (1932-1972)
How did the Tuskegee impact research and practice? - Answers -- Made people more
aware of the ethics in the study
- Created many of the current policies to study, like informed consent
- 1974 National Research Act - requires researchers to get voluntary informed consent
from all persons taking part in studies
What are ACEs? - Answers -Experiences that children (0-17yrs) have that fall into the
following categories
- Abuse
- Neglect
- Household dysfunction
How can ACEs impact health outcomes? - Answers -- early adversity has lasting
impacts
- toxic stress from ACEs has direct effect on brain development
- Higher ACEs correlate to higher risks of injury, poor mental health, poor maternal
health, infectious disease, chronic disease, risky behavior, and lower opportunities
What are the prevention strategies for addressing ACEs? - Answers -- strengthen
economic support to families
- promote social norms that protect against violence and adversity
- ensure strong start for children
- teach skills
- connect youth to caring adults and activities
- intervene to lessen immediate and long term harms
, Describe major issues that make the health system a PH concern - Answers --
overmedication
- over treatment
- entrenched system
- reimbursement
Why does the US health care system cost so much compared to the rest of the world? -
Answers -- misuse of ER
- reward doing more, rather than efficiency
- inappropriate care/tests
- defensive medicine
- malpractice costs
- greater use of high costs technology and procedures
- brand name drugs
- high costs of R&D
- price variations/lack of transparency
- high admin costs
- higher wages for providers
- limited competition
- middlemen
- profit
Describe characteristics of the non-elderly uninsured population - Answers -- uninsured
rates among the non-elderly are higher in the south
- main reason for being uninsured is high costs
- barriers to healthcare among the non-elderly, such as no usual source of care,
postponed seeing care due to costs, went without needed care due to costs, postponed
getting needed prescription drug due to cost
Describe the approximate level and components of national expenditures for all health
activities - Answers -??
- health insurance (75%)
- out of pocket (10%)
- "other," including investments and third party payers (15%)
Explain the role of Medicaid - Answers -- support for healthcare system and safety net
- state capacity to address health changes
- serves low income families, individuals with disabilities, and the elderly
Explain the role of Medicare - Answers -- provides coverage for those 65+, those under
65 with certain disabilities, and people with end-stage renal disease
How did PPACA expand access to health care? - Answers -Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act
- benefits for women
- young adult coverage
Explain the term: social determinants of health - Answers -the circumstances in which
people are born, grow up, live, work and age, and the systems put into place to deal
with illness
How do social determinants impact health outcomes? - Answers -Social determinants,
like poverty, lack of education, and unequal access to healthcare can contribute to
health inequities
Describe the Tuskegee Study - Answers -- Study conducted by US public health
services, working with the Tuskegee Institute
- Involved 600 black men (some with syphilis, some without)
- Researchers told the men they were being treated for bad blood, but the men did not
receive proper treatment to cure their illness
- This study continued for 40 years (1932-1972)
How did the Tuskegee impact research and practice? - Answers -- Made people more
aware of the ethics in the study
- Created many of the current policies to study, like informed consent
- 1974 National Research Act - requires researchers to get voluntary informed consent
from all persons taking part in studies
What are ACEs? - Answers -Experiences that children (0-17yrs) have that fall into the
following categories
- Abuse
- Neglect
- Household dysfunction
How can ACEs impact health outcomes? - Answers -- early adversity has lasting
impacts
- toxic stress from ACEs has direct effect on brain development
- Higher ACEs correlate to higher risks of injury, poor mental health, poor maternal
health, infectious disease, chronic disease, risky behavior, and lower opportunities
What are the prevention strategies for addressing ACEs? - Answers -- strengthen
economic support to families
- promote social norms that protect against violence and adversity
- ensure strong start for children
- teach skills
- connect youth to caring adults and activities
- intervene to lessen immediate and long term harms
, Describe major issues that make the health system a PH concern - Answers --
overmedication
- over treatment
- entrenched system
- reimbursement
Why does the US health care system cost so much compared to the rest of the world? -
Answers -- misuse of ER
- reward doing more, rather than efficiency
- inappropriate care/tests
- defensive medicine
- malpractice costs
- greater use of high costs technology and procedures
- brand name drugs
- high costs of R&D
- price variations/lack of transparency
- high admin costs
- higher wages for providers
- limited competition
- middlemen
- profit
Describe characteristics of the non-elderly uninsured population - Answers -- uninsured
rates among the non-elderly are higher in the south
- main reason for being uninsured is high costs
- barriers to healthcare among the non-elderly, such as no usual source of care,
postponed seeing care due to costs, went without needed care due to costs, postponed
getting needed prescription drug due to cost
Describe the approximate level and components of national expenditures for all health
activities - Answers -??
- health insurance (75%)
- out of pocket (10%)
- "other," including investments and third party payers (15%)
Explain the role of Medicaid - Answers -- support for healthcare system and safety net
- state capacity to address health changes
- serves low income families, individuals with disabilities, and the elderly
Explain the role of Medicare - Answers -- provides coverage for those 65+, those under
65 with certain disabilities, and people with end-stage renal disease
How did PPACA expand access to health care? - Answers -Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act
- benefits for women
- young adult coverage
