BIOL 2402 0690 LECTURE EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system? - Answers A pump (the heart), a
conducting system (blood vessels), and a fluid medium (blood).
What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system? - Answers To transport oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, hormones, immune system components, and waste products to and from cells.
What type of tissue is blood classified as? - Answers Specialized fluid connective tissue.
What are the five main functions of blood? - Answers 1. Transport of dissolved substances, 2.
Regulation of pH and ions, 3. Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites, 4. Defense against toxins and
pathogens, 5. Stabilization of body temperature.
What is plasma? - Answers The fluid component of blood that contains water, dissolved proteins, and
other solutes.
What are the three types of formed elements in blood? - Answers 1. Red blood cells (RBCs), 2. White
blood cells (WBCs), 3. Platelets.
What is hemopoiesis? - Answers The process of producing formed elements in the blood.
What is the normal temperature of blood? - Answers 38°C (100.4°F).
What percentage of blood volume does plasma constitute? - Answers 50-60%.
What are the three classes of plasma proteins? - Answers 1. Albumins (60%), 2. Globulins (35%), 3.
Fibrinogen (4%).
What is the primary function of albumins? - Answers To transport substances such as fatty acids and
hormones.
What is the role of fibrinogen in blood? - Answers To form clots by producing long, insoluble strands
of fibrin.
What are the two types of stem cells involved in blood cell production? - Answers Myeloid stem cells
and lymphoid stem cells.
What is the normal red blood cell count for adult males? - Answers 4.5-6.3 million RBCs per microliter
of whole blood.
What is the lifespan of red blood cells? - Answers About 120 days.
What is hemoglobin and its primary function? - Answers A protein molecule that transports
respiratory gases (O2 and CO2).
What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin? - Answers Oxyhemoglobin is
hemoglobin bound to oxygen, while deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has released oxygen.
What is anemia? - Answers A condition where hematocrit or hemoglobin levels are below normal.
What is erythropoiesis? - Answers The formation of red blood cells, occurring in red bone marrow.
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO)? - Answers Low oxygen levels in peripheral
tissues (hypoxia).
What are surface antigens? - Answers Cell surface proteins that identify cells to the immune system
and trigger immune responses.
What are the four basic blood types? - Answers A, B, AB, and O.
What is the Rh factor? - Answers A surface antigen on red blood cells that determines if blood is Rh
positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-).
What is the role of antibodies in blood types? - Answers Antibodies in the plasma attack foreign
antigens on red blood cells.
What is the primary function of white blood cells (WBCs)? - Answers To defend against toxins and
pathogens.
What is the significance of the shape and size of red blood cells? - Answers They have a high surface-
to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange and can deform to pass through narrow capillaries.
What causes jaundice? - Answers Bilirubin buildup due to liver dysfunction or excessive hemolysis.
What is the function of transferrin? - Answers To transport iron in the bloodstream.
What is the importance of vitamin B12 in red blood cell production? - Answers It is essential for the
proper maturation of red blood cells; deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia.
What happens when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby? - Answers The mother may develop anti-Rh
antibodies, which can attack a second Rh+ baby.
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn? - Answers A condition where a newborn is anemic and
jaundiced due to the mother's anti-Rh antibodies.
What is RhoGam? - Answers A medication given to Rh- mothers to prevent the production of anti-Rh
antibodies.
, What is a cross-reaction in blood transfusions? - Answers A reaction that occurs when plasma
antibodies meet their specific surface antigens, causing blood agglutination and hemolysis.
What are white blood cells (WBCs) also known as? - Answers Leukocytes.
What are the main functions of white blood cells? - Answers Defend against pathogens, remove toxins
and wastes, and attack abnormal cells.
What is margination in WBC movement? - Answers The process where activated WBCs adhere to
vessel walls before squeezing through.
What is positive chemotaxis? - Answers The attraction of WBCs to chemical stimuli from pathogens or
damaged tissues.
What types of WBCs are phagocytic? - Answers Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.
What percentage of circulating WBCs are neutrophils? - Answers 50-70%.
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil? - Answers About 10 hours.
What are the actions of eosinophils? - Answers Attack large parasites and control inflammation with
enzymes.
What do basophils release to enhance inflammation? - Answers Histamine and heparin.
What is the role of monocytes in the immune system? - Answers They become macrophages that
engulf large particles and pathogens.
What are the three classes of lymphocytes? - Answers T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
What is the primary function of T cells? - Answers Cell-mediated immunity, attacking foreign cells
directly.
What is the function of B cells? - Answers Humoral immunity, producing and distributing antibodies.
What is thrombocytopenia? - Answers An abnormally low platelet count.
What are the three functions of platelets? - Answers Release clotting chemicals, patch damaged
vessel walls, and contract tissue after clot formation.
What triggers the vascular phase of hemostasis? - Answers A cut that causes vascular spasm.
What is the platelet phase in hemostasis? - Answers The phase where platelets adhere to damaged
tissue and aggregate to form a plug.
What is the coagulation phase? - Answers The phase where blood clotting occurs, converting
fibrinogen into fibrin.
What initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation? - Answers Damaged cells releasing tissue factor
(TF).
What is the common pathway in coagulation? - Answers The pathway where intrinsic and extrinsic
pathways converge to activate Factor X.
What role do calcium ions play in coagulation? - Answers They are essential for the clotting process.
What is fibrinolysis? - Answers The process of dissolving a blood clot.
What is the role of thrombin in coagulation? - Answers It converts fibrinogen to fibrin and stimulates
further clotting.
What does the systemic circuit do? - Answers Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all tissues in
the body except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
What is the main pumping chamber of the heart? - Answers The left ventricle.
What is the largest artery in the body? - Answers The aorta.
What are arterioles? - Answers Smaller branches of arteries that lead to capillaries.
What is the function of capillaries? - Answers To exchange materials between blood and tissues,
including gases, nutrients, and wastes.
What does the pulmonary circuit do? - Answers Carries deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to
the right ventricle and then to the lungs for gas exchange.
Where does oxygen cross into the blood during gas exchange? - Answers Across the thin membrane
adjacent to the alveoli in the lungs.
What is the role of the left atrium? - Answers To collect oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.
What does the right ventricle do? - Answers Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit.
What are the three types of blood vessels? - Answers Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
What is the pericardium? - Answers The double lining of the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart.
What is the parietal pericardium? - Answers The outer layer of the pericardial sac.
What is the apex of the heart? - Answers The pointed tip of the heart.
What separates the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities? - Answers The mediastinum.
What is the function of veins? - Answers To carry blood to the heart.
What is the primary function of arteries? - Answers To carry blood away from the heart.
What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system? - Answers A pump (the heart), a
conducting system (blood vessels), and a fluid medium (blood).
What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system? - Answers To transport oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, hormones, immune system components, and waste products to and from cells.
What type of tissue is blood classified as? - Answers Specialized fluid connective tissue.
What are the five main functions of blood? - Answers 1. Transport of dissolved substances, 2.
Regulation of pH and ions, 3. Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites, 4. Defense against toxins and
pathogens, 5. Stabilization of body temperature.
What is plasma? - Answers The fluid component of blood that contains water, dissolved proteins, and
other solutes.
What are the three types of formed elements in blood? - Answers 1. Red blood cells (RBCs), 2. White
blood cells (WBCs), 3. Platelets.
What is hemopoiesis? - Answers The process of producing formed elements in the blood.
What is the normal temperature of blood? - Answers 38°C (100.4°F).
What percentage of blood volume does plasma constitute? - Answers 50-60%.
What are the three classes of plasma proteins? - Answers 1. Albumins (60%), 2. Globulins (35%), 3.
Fibrinogen (4%).
What is the primary function of albumins? - Answers To transport substances such as fatty acids and
hormones.
What is the role of fibrinogen in blood? - Answers To form clots by producing long, insoluble strands
of fibrin.
What are the two types of stem cells involved in blood cell production? - Answers Myeloid stem cells
and lymphoid stem cells.
What is the normal red blood cell count for adult males? - Answers 4.5-6.3 million RBCs per microliter
of whole blood.
What is the lifespan of red blood cells? - Answers About 120 days.
What is hemoglobin and its primary function? - Answers A protein molecule that transports
respiratory gases (O2 and CO2).
What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin? - Answers Oxyhemoglobin is
hemoglobin bound to oxygen, while deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has released oxygen.
What is anemia? - Answers A condition where hematocrit or hemoglobin levels are below normal.
What is erythropoiesis? - Answers The formation of red blood cells, occurring in red bone marrow.
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO)? - Answers Low oxygen levels in peripheral
tissues (hypoxia).
What are surface antigens? - Answers Cell surface proteins that identify cells to the immune system
and trigger immune responses.
What are the four basic blood types? - Answers A, B, AB, and O.
What is the Rh factor? - Answers A surface antigen on red blood cells that determines if blood is Rh
positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-).
What is the role of antibodies in blood types? - Answers Antibodies in the plasma attack foreign
antigens on red blood cells.
What is the primary function of white blood cells (WBCs)? - Answers To defend against toxins and
pathogens.
What is the significance of the shape and size of red blood cells? - Answers They have a high surface-
to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange and can deform to pass through narrow capillaries.
What causes jaundice? - Answers Bilirubin buildup due to liver dysfunction or excessive hemolysis.
What is the function of transferrin? - Answers To transport iron in the bloodstream.
What is the importance of vitamin B12 in red blood cell production? - Answers It is essential for the
proper maturation of red blood cells; deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia.
What happens when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby? - Answers The mother may develop anti-Rh
antibodies, which can attack a second Rh+ baby.
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn? - Answers A condition where a newborn is anemic and
jaundiced due to the mother's anti-Rh antibodies.
What is RhoGam? - Answers A medication given to Rh- mothers to prevent the production of anti-Rh
antibodies.
, What is a cross-reaction in blood transfusions? - Answers A reaction that occurs when plasma
antibodies meet their specific surface antigens, causing blood agglutination and hemolysis.
What are white blood cells (WBCs) also known as? - Answers Leukocytes.
What are the main functions of white blood cells? - Answers Defend against pathogens, remove toxins
and wastes, and attack abnormal cells.
What is margination in WBC movement? - Answers The process where activated WBCs adhere to
vessel walls before squeezing through.
What is positive chemotaxis? - Answers The attraction of WBCs to chemical stimuli from pathogens or
damaged tissues.
What types of WBCs are phagocytic? - Answers Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.
What percentage of circulating WBCs are neutrophils? - Answers 50-70%.
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil? - Answers About 10 hours.
What are the actions of eosinophils? - Answers Attack large parasites and control inflammation with
enzymes.
What do basophils release to enhance inflammation? - Answers Histamine and heparin.
What is the role of monocytes in the immune system? - Answers They become macrophages that
engulf large particles and pathogens.
What are the three classes of lymphocytes? - Answers T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
What is the primary function of T cells? - Answers Cell-mediated immunity, attacking foreign cells
directly.
What is the function of B cells? - Answers Humoral immunity, producing and distributing antibodies.
What is thrombocytopenia? - Answers An abnormally low platelet count.
What are the three functions of platelets? - Answers Release clotting chemicals, patch damaged
vessel walls, and contract tissue after clot formation.
What triggers the vascular phase of hemostasis? - Answers A cut that causes vascular spasm.
What is the platelet phase in hemostasis? - Answers The phase where platelets adhere to damaged
tissue and aggregate to form a plug.
What is the coagulation phase? - Answers The phase where blood clotting occurs, converting
fibrinogen into fibrin.
What initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation? - Answers Damaged cells releasing tissue factor
(TF).
What is the common pathway in coagulation? - Answers The pathway where intrinsic and extrinsic
pathways converge to activate Factor X.
What role do calcium ions play in coagulation? - Answers They are essential for the clotting process.
What is fibrinolysis? - Answers The process of dissolving a blood clot.
What is the role of thrombin in coagulation? - Answers It converts fibrinogen to fibrin and stimulates
further clotting.
What does the systemic circuit do? - Answers Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all tissues in
the body except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
What is the main pumping chamber of the heart? - Answers The left ventricle.
What is the largest artery in the body? - Answers The aorta.
What are arterioles? - Answers Smaller branches of arteries that lead to capillaries.
What is the function of capillaries? - Answers To exchange materials between blood and tissues,
including gases, nutrients, and wastes.
What does the pulmonary circuit do? - Answers Carries deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to
the right ventricle and then to the lungs for gas exchange.
Where does oxygen cross into the blood during gas exchange? - Answers Across the thin membrane
adjacent to the alveoli in the lungs.
What is the role of the left atrium? - Answers To collect oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.
What does the right ventricle do? - Answers Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit.
What are the three types of blood vessels? - Answers Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
What is the pericardium? - Answers The double lining of the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart.
What is the parietal pericardium? - Answers The outer layer of the pericardial sac.
What is the apex of the heart? - Answers The pointed tip of the heart.
What separates the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities? - Answers The mediastinum.
What is the function of veins? - Answers To carry blood to the heart.
What is the primary function of arteries? - Answers To carry blood away from the heart.
