NS 838/NRS 838 EXAM / ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NS838 / NRS 838
ACTUAL EXAM 2026/2027 COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM APPROVED
QUESTIONS WITH WELL ELABORATED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS) NEWEST UPDATED VERSION |GUARANTEED
PASS A+ |FULL REVISED EXAM
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size due to
increased workload?
A. hyperplasia
B. metaplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. dysplasia
correct answer: hypertrophy
rationale: hypertrophy occurs when cells increase in size, not number, typically in
response to increased functional demand such as myocardial thickening from
chronic hypertension.
2. Persistent hypoxia most directly leads to which cellular injury?
A. lysosomal rupture
B. decreased apt production
C. protein denaturation
D. dana fragmentation
correct answer: decreased apt production
rationale: hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, leading to
reduced apt and failure of energy-dependent cellular processes.
,3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac dysrhythmias?
A. hypernatremia
B. hypocalcemia
C. hyperkalemia
D. hypomagnesemia
correct answer: hyperkalemia
rationale: elevated potassium alters resting membrane potential, slowing
conduction and predisposing to life-threatening arrhythmias.
4. What inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for increased vascular
permeability?
A. histamine
B. prostaglandins
C. leukotrienes
D. bradykinin
correct answer: histamine
rationale: histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and increased
capillary permeability during acute inflammation.
5. Which phase of the cell cycle is most susceptible to radiation injury?
,A. g0
B. g1
C. s
D. m
correct answer: _m_
rationale: cells in mitosis are actively dividing and are most vulnerable to dana
damage from radiation.
6. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A. triggers inflammation
B. causes cell swelling
C. is energy dependent
D. leads to membrane rupture
correct answer: is energy dependent
rationale: apoptosis is a regulated, apt-dependent process that avoids inflammation,
unlike necrosis.
7. Which acid–base imbalance results from prolonged vomiting?
A. metabolic acidosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. respiratory alkalosis
, correct answer: metabolic alkalosis
rationale: loss of gastric acid (hall) increases serum bicarbonate, producing
metabolic alkalosis.
8. The primary determinant of preload is:
A. heart rate
B. afterload
C. venous return
D. myocardial contractility
correct answer: venous return
rationale: preload reflects end-diastolic volume, which depends mainly on venous
blood returning to the heart.
9. Which hormone increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis?
A. insulin
B. aldosterone
C. cortisol
D. thyroxine
correct answer: _cortisol_
rationale: cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance, increasing
blood glucose levels.
ACTUAL EXAM 2026/2027 COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM APPROVED
QUESTIONS WITH WELL ELABORATED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS) NEWEST UPDATED VERSION |GUARANTEED
PASS A+ |FULL REVISED EXAM
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size due to
increased workload?
A. hyperplasia
B. metaplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. dysplasia
correct answer: hypertrophy
rationale: hypertrophy occurs when cells increase in size, not number, typically in
response to increased functional demand such as myocardial thickening from
chronic hypertension.
2. Persistent hypoxia most directly leads to which cellular injury?
A. lysosomal rupture
B. decreased apt production
C. protein denaturation
D. dana fragmentation
correct answer: decreased apt production
rationale: hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, leading to
reduced apt and failure of energy-dependent cellular processes.
,3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac dysrhythmias?
A. hypernatremia
B. hypocalcemia
C. hyperkalemia
D. hypomagnesemia
correct answer: hyperkalemia
rationale: elevated potassium alters resting membrane potential, slowing
conduction and predisposing to life-threatening arrhythmias.
4. What inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for increased vascular
permeability?
A. histamine
B. prostaglandins
C. leukotrienes
D. bradykinin
correct answer: histamine
rationale: histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and increased
capillary permeability during acute inflammation.
5. Which phase of the cell cycle is most susceptible to radiation injury?
,A. g0
B. g1
C. s
D. m
correct answer: _m_
rationale: cells in mitosis are actively dividing and are most vulnerable to dana
damage from radiation.
6. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A. triggers inflammation
B. causes cell swelling
C. is energy dependent
D. leads to membrane rupture
correct answer: is energy dependent
rationale: apoptosis is a regulated, apt-dependent process that avoids inflammation,
unlike necrosis.
7. Which acid–base imbalance results from prolonged vomiting?
A. metabolic acidosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. respiratory alkalosis
, correct answer: metabolic alkalosis
rationale: loss of gastric acid (hall) increases serum bicarbonate, producing
metabolic alkalosis.
8. The primary determinant of preload is:
A. heart rate
B. afterload
C. venous return
D. myocardial contractility
correct answer: venous return
rationale: preload reflects end-diastolic volume, which depends mainly on venous
blood returning to the heart.
9. Which hormone increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis?
A. insulin
B. aldosterone
C. cortisol
D. thyroxine
correct answer: _cortisol_
rationale: cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance, increasing
blood glucose levels.
