EDF 6222 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
psychophysical parallelism - Answers -While some methodological behaviorists accept
that there are mental states, they have ruled them completely out of consideration. This
is not a new concept and was once referred to as .
methodological - Answers -behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version
of logical positivism or operationism.
introspection - Answers -Structuralism relied on , which looked inward to describe
sensations, images, and feelings
philosophy - Answers -"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the of
that science" (Skinner, 1974. p.3).
parsimony - Answers -With , we look for the simplest explanation possible, not
extensive mentalistic explanations.
bias, evidence, replication - Answers -In order to be excellent stewards of science, as
behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when gathering and evaluating
evidence. This includes reducing ___ by ensuring interobserver agreement, examining
for actual ___(as opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the
intervention), ___ , and self-correction.
evidence - Answers -Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is available,
assumptions should not be made.
science, lawful relations - Answers -"___ is more than the mere description of events as
they occur. It is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in ___ to
other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)."
mentalistic, explanatory - Answers -In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to
conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food, and therefore salivating.
Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that particular
stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific
method allowed him to avoid both ___ and ___ fictions
debilitating - Answers -The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are
for the survival of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes
responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our
complex lives.
, conditioning, stimulus control, novel - Answers -Skinner (1953) informed us "Although
the process of __ greatly extends the scope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all
the behavior of the organism within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous
different eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a __ response.
prediction, control, accessible - Answers -According to Skinner, contingencies of
reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of
reinforcement "Have the edge with __ and __ and the conditions under which a species
acquires behavior are relatively __ and can often be manipulated".
ontogeny - Answers -is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime.
phylogeny - Answers -is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the
entire species.
chain, learned - Answers -It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and
phylogenic established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex __ for the first time,
it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping
process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that it
was not __ . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no comparable history can
be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208).
genes, environment, cause - Answers -Moore (2015) stated " __ predispose an
individual's susceptibility to influence from the __ (p. 27). We must be careful not to
assert that genes "__ " behavior; rather, they set up the physical basis for the processes
and structures that participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the
environment.
model - Answers -Imitative responses necessarily require the learner to orient toward
the __ rather than the topographical correspondence of their behavior with respect to
the model.
discriminative control - Answers -The use of the mirror provides the additional feedback
required to receive __ of the model.
think - Answers -The most substantial origins of our understanding of operant behavior
derived from Darwin's controversial idea that humans were not unique in their ability to
law of effect, pleasant, decrease - Answers -Thorndike's __ succinctly explained that
organisms tend to learn new things when behaviors are followed by __ stimuli and that
behaviors tend to __ when followed by negative stimuli
free will - Answers -It is also widely misunderstood that operant conditioning suggests
that organisms cannot control their own behavior due to a lack of __. This is untrue, as
once the environment is understood, it can be altered in our favor (Epstein, 1997).
psychophysical parallelism - Answers -While some methodological behaviorists accept
that there are mental states, they have ruled them completely out of consideration. This
is not a new concept and was once referred to as .
methodological - Answers -behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version
of logical positivism or operationism.
introspection - Answers -Structuralism relied on , which looked inward to describe
sensations, images, and feelings
philosophy - Answers -"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the of
that science" (Skinner, 1974. p.3).
parsimony - Answers -With , we look for the simplest explanation possible, not
extensive mentalistic explanations.
bias, evidence, replication - Answers -In order to be excellent stewards of science, as
behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when gathering and evaluating
evidence. This includes reducing ___ by ensuring interobserver agreement, examining
for actual ___(as opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the
intervention), ___ , and self-correction.
evidence - Answers -Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is available,
assumptions should not be made.
science, lawful relations - Answers -"___ is more than the mere description of events as
they occur. It is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in ___ to
other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)."
mentalistic, explanatory - Answers -In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to
conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food, and therefore salivating.
Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that particular
stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific
method allowed him to avoid both ___ and ___ fictions
debilitating - Answers -The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are
for the survival of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes
responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our
complex lives.
, conditioning, stimulus control, novel - Answers -Skinner (1953) informed us "Although
the process of __ greatly extends the scope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all
the behavior of the organism within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous
different eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a __ response.
prediction, control, accessible - Answers -According to Skinner, contingencies of
reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of
reinforcement "Have the edge with __ and __ and the conditions under which a species
acquires behavior are relatively __ and can often be manipulated".
ontogeny - Answers -is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime.
phylogeny - Answers -is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the
entire species.
chain, learned - Answers -It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and
phylogenic established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex __ for the first time,
it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping
process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that it
was not __ . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no comparable history can
be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208).
genes, environment, cause - Answers -Moore (2015) stated " __ predispose an
individual's susceptibility to influence from the __ (p. 27). We must be careful not to
assert that genes "__ " behavior; rather, they set up the physical basis for the processes
and structures that participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the
environment.
model - Answers -Imitative responses necessarily require the learner to orient toward
the __ rather than the topographical correspondence of their behavior with respect to
the model.
discriminative control - Answers -The use of the mirror provides the additional feedback
required to receive __ of the model.
think - Answers -The most substantial origins of our understanding of operant behavior
derived from Darwin's controversial idea that humans were not unique in their ability to
law of effect, pleasant, decrease - Answers -Thorndike's __ succinctly explained that
organisms tend to learn new things when behaviors are followed by __ stimuli and that
behaviors tend to __ when followed by negative stimuli
free will - Answers -It is also widely misunderstood that operant conditioning suggests
that organisms cannot control their own behavior due to a lack of __. This is untrue, as
once the environment is understood, it can be altered in our favor (Epstein, 1997).
