BIO 172 UMICH FINAL EXAM WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
Fertilized Egg correct answer totipotent cell
Stages of Development correct answer 1. Fertilization: multiple
sperm contact oocyte, sperm release enzymes to aid movement
through the two outer layers of the oocyte, plasma membranes of
sperm and oocyte fuse with each other, sperm nucleus enters the
egg's cytoplasm
2. Cleavage: rapid mitotic divisions without gap phases and w/o
growth, cytoplasm is divided (morula)
3. Gastrulation: dramatic cell movements and rearrangements to
generate three germ laters
4. Organogenesis: organs form, differentiation
Cleavage correct answer the successive mitotic divisions of the
zygote after fertilization, in which the single large egg is divided
into many smaller cells
Morula correct answer solid ball of cells resulting from early
cell division of the fertilized egg
Blastocyst correct answer a hollow sphere produced by cells in
the morula that move in relation to one another, pushing against
and expanding the membrane that encloses them. A blastocyst
forms from blastula, has an inner cell mass, and occurs only on
mammals
,Inner Cell Mass correct answer a mass of cells in one region of
the inner wall of the blastocyst from which the body of the
embyro develops
Gastrula correct answer a layered structure formed when the
inner cell mass cells of the blastocyst migrate and reorganize
Gastrulation correct answer a highly coordinated set of cell
movements in which cells of the blastoderm migrate inward,
creating germ layers of cells within the embyro
Organogenesis correct answer the transformation of the three
germ layers into all the organ systems of the body
Totipotent correct answer describes cells that have the
potential to give rise to a complete organism
Pluripotent correct answer describes embryonic stem cells
(cells of the inner mass), which can give rise to any of the three
germ layers and therefore to any cell of the body
Multipotent correct answer describes cells that can form a
limited number of types of specialized cell
Differentiation correct answer the process in which cells
become progressively more specialized as a result of gene
regulation
,Stem Cells correct answer an undifferentiated cell of a
multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely
more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds
of cell arise by differentiation
Fertilization correct answer union of gametes to produce a
diploid zygote
Ectoderm correct answer outer germ layer, which
differentiates into epithelial cells, pigment cells in the skin, nerve
cells in the brain, and the cornea and lens of the eye
Mesoderm correct answer the intermediate germ layer, which
differentiates into cells that make up connective tissue, muscle
cells, red blood cells, bone cells, kidney cells, and gonad cells
Endoderm correct answer the germ layer that differentiates
into cells of the lining of the digestive tract and lung, liver cells,
pancreas cells, and gallbladder cells
Germ Layers correct answer three sheets of cells, the
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, formed by migrating cells
of the gastrula that differentiate further into specialized cell
Cytoplasmic Determinants correct answer (maternal
contributions of protein, RNA, etc. stored in the oocyte) control
initial development
, Maternal Effect Genes correct answer a gene that is expressed
by the mother that affects the phenotype of the offspring,
typically through the composition or organization of the oocyte
Hox Genes correct answer regulatory transcription factors that
specify identity of body parts
Animal Development correct answer 1. fertilization
2. cleavage
3. gastrulation
4. organogenesis
5. fetal growth
Animal Fundamental Developmental Processes correct answer
1. Cell proliferation: reproduction
2. Cell movement
3. Cell signaling
4. Apoptosis: death
5. Cell differentiation
Homologous correct answer describes characters that are
similar in different species because of descent from a common
ancestor
Oocyte correct answer the unfertilized egg cell produced by
the mother; the developing female gamete
100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
Fertilized Egg correct answer totipotent cell
Stages of Development correct answer 1. Fertilization: multiple
sperm contact oocyte, sperm release enzymes to aid movement
through the two outer layers of the oocyte, plasma membranes of
sperm and oocyte fuse with each other, sperm nucleus enters the
egg's cytoplasm
2. Cleavage: rapid mitotic divisions without gap phases and w/o
growth, cytoplasm is divided (morula)
3. Gastrulation: dramatic cell movements and rearrangements to
generate three germ laters
4. Organogenesis: organs form, differentiation
Cleavage correct answer the successive mitotic divisions of the
zygote after fertilization, in which the single large egg is divided
into many smaller cells
Morula correct answer solid ball of cells resulting from early
cell division of the fertilized egg
Blastocyst correct answer a hollow sphere produced by cells in
the morula that move in relation to one another, pushing against
and expanding the membrane that encloses them. A blastocyst
forms from blastula, has an inner cell mass, and occurs only on
mammals
,Inner Cell Mass correct answer a mass of cells in one region of
the inner wall of the blastocyst from which the body of the
embyro develops
Gastrula correct answer a layered structure formed when the
inner cell mass cells of the blastocyst migrate and reorganize
Gastrulation correct answer a highly coordinated set of cell
movements in which cells of the blastoderm migrate inward,
creating germ layers of cells within the embyro
Organogenesis correct answer the transformation of the three
germ layers into all the organ systems of the body
Totipotent correct answer describes cells that have the
potential to give rise to a complete organism
Pluripotent correct answer describes embryonic stem cells
(cells of the inner mass), which can give rise to any of the three
germ layers and therefore to any cell of the body
Multipotent correct answer describes cells that can form a
limited number of types of specialized cell
Differentiation correct answer the process in which cells
become progressively more specialized as a result of gene
regulation
,Stem Cells correct answer an undifferentiated cell of a
multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely
more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds
of cell arise by differentiation
Fertilization correct answer union of gametes to produce a
diploid zygote
Ectoderm correct answer outer germ layer, which
differentiates into epithelial cells, pigment cells in the skin, nerve
cells in the brain, and the cornea and lens of the eye
Mesoderm correct answer the intermediate germ layer, which
differentiates into cells that make up connective tissue, muscle
cells, red blood cells, bone cells, kidney cells, and gonad cells
Endoderm correct answer the germ layer that differentiates
into cells of the lining of the digestive tract and lung, liver cells,
pancreas cells, and gallbladder cells
Germ Layers correct answer three sheets of cells, the
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, formed by migrating cells
of the gastrula that differentiate further into specialized cell
Cytoplasmic Determinants correct answer (maternal
contributions of protein, RNA, etc. stored in the oocyte) control
initial development
, Maternal Effect Genes correct answer a gene that is expressed
by the mother that affects the phenotype of the offspring,
typically through the composition or organization of the oocyte
Hox Genes correct answer regulatory transcription factors that
specify identity of body parts
Animal Development correct answer 1. fertilization
2. cleavage
3. gastrulation
4. organogenesis
5. fetal growth
Animal Fundamental Developmental Processes correct answer
1. Cell proliferation: reproduction
2. Cell movement
3. Cell signaling
4. Apoptosis: death
5. Cell differentiation
Homologous correct answer describes characters that are
similar in different species because of descent from a common
ancestor
Oocyte correct answer the unfertilized egg cell produced by
the mother; the developing female gamete
