PSYO 355 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Raskin&Hare
Patrick&Lacono - Answers --Guilty psychopaths were detected just as easily as
nonpsychopaths
-The majority of guilty subjects (87%) were correctly identified
Polygraph: Countermeasures - Answers --Repeat numbers to avoid processing
-Attempt to have the same response for each question (ex: biting tongue)
-Anxious response can be suppressed, or not even present in some people (ex:
medications)
Polygraph: Pros - Answers --Low false negative rate
-Can be a useful tool to help elicit confessions
-Despite problems, just about as reliable as any other current deception detection
method
R . v. Beland (1987) - Answers --Supreme Court of Canada
-Evidence for polygraph results cannot be introduced in criminal trials because it offends
well-established rules of evidence
Kassin & Fong (1999) - Answers --Trained people in the Reid approach to lie detection
-These people became significantly worse (but more confident) at the task than an
untrained control group
Temptation resistance paradigm - Answers -Talwar: Study
-Tell a child there is a toy behind his/her chair... don't peek at it
-Leave the room and a hidden child captures the child's behaviours
-82% of kids sneak a peek 10 seconds after left alone
-Researcher returns to ask questions about the mysterious object
-74% of peekers lie
-their success largely depend on age
-children less than 7 years old usually showing difficulty keeping up the deception
Theory of Mind - Answers -The ability to understand the perspectives of others
Evans & Colleagues - Answers --Parents asked to look at videos of their own children
and state whether they were telling the truth or not
-Parents correctly assessed that their own kids were lying just 8% of the time, despite
being quite confident
-Other groups accuracy was 43% and 44%
University Level Students - Answers --1 in every 5 interactions with parents were a lie
-2.34 lies/day
High school: 4.1 lies/day
, Study: Wearing Niqabs - Answers --Found that wearing niqabs actually improves
courtroom truth-telling
-Veiled women were less likely to get away with lying
Deception by Omission - Answers -When the researcher purposely withholds relevant
info from the participant
Deception by Commission - Answers --When a researcher blatantly misleads the
participants about some aspect of the investigation
Ekman (2014) - Answers --Facial cues to deceit and how facial expressions can serve
a lie, but also provide manifold and very subtle cues to the truth
-Face can show which emotion is felt: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, distress,
happiness, contentment, excitement, surprise, and contempt
-Proposes: to the skilled observer, there are a range of micro-expressions which yield
the emotions behind them
SMILES - Answers -Believes one can distinguish between 18 different types of smiles...
False Smiles - Answers --Inappropriate
-when they occur
-how long they last
-Asymmetrical
-Not accompanied by the involvement of the many muscles around the eye; only cover
actions of the lower face and lower eyelid
Deceptive Micro Expressions - Answers --Leakage of happiness (ex: smirks) and anger
-Falsified/ incomplete expressions of sadness
Socially rejected people - Answers -McDonald et al.
Socially rejected people display micro-expressions that are detectable
-->socially rejected people often appear stoic and unmoved; their macro expressions
are not accurate reflections of their emotional states
Motivational Impairment Effect - Answers -The added emotional and cognitive
demands of a lie with particularly high stakes may make it easier to determine the
veracity of an individual's statement
Motivational Enhancement Effect - Answers --Lack of nonverbal cues attenuates the
motivational impairment effect
-Sufficiently motivated to take advantage of the unique features of the CMC
environment
-Longer cognitive latency period to plan message
-Edit message before sending
Raskin&Hare
Patrick&Lacono - Answers --Guilty psychopaths were detected just as easily as
nonpsychopaths
-The majority of guilty subjects (87%) were correctly identified
Polygraph: Countermeasures - Answers --Repeat numbers to avoid processing
-Attempt to have the same response for each question (ex: biting tongue)
-Anxious response can be suppressed, or not even present in some people (ex:
medications)
Polygraph: Pros - Answers --Low false negative rate
-Can be a useful tool to help elicit confessions
-Despite problems, just about as reliable as any other current deception detection
method
R . v. Beland (1987) - Answers --Supreme Court of Canada
-Evidence for polygraph results cannot be introduced in criminal trials because it offends
well-established rules of evidence
Kassin & Fong (1999) - Answers --Trained people in the Reid approach to lie detection
-These people became significantly worse (but more confident) at the task than an
untrained control group
Temptation resistance paradigm - Answers -Talwar: Study
-Tell a child there is a toy behind his/her chair... don't peek at it
-Leave the room and a hidden child captures the child's behaviours
-82% of kids sneak a peek 10 seconds after left alone
-Researcher returns to ask questions about the mysterious object
-74% of peekers lie
-their success largely depend on age
-children less than 7 years old usually showing difficulty keeping up the deception
Theory of Mind - Answers -The ability to understand the perspectives of others
Evans & Colleagues - Answers --Parents asked to look at videos of their own children
and state whether they were telling the truth or not
-Parents correctly assessed that their own kids were lying just 8% of the time, despite
being quite confident
-Other groups accuracy was 43% and 44%
University Level Students - Answers --1 in every 5 interactions with parents were a lie
-2.34 lies/day
High school: 4.1 lies/day
, Study: Wearing Niqabs - Answers --Found that wearing niqabs actually improves
courtroom truth-telling
-Veiled women were less likely to get away with lying
Deception by Omission - Answers -When the researcher purposely withholds relevant
info from the participant
Deception by Commission - Answers --When a researcher blatantly misleads the
participants about some aspect of the investigation
Ekman (2014) - Answers --Facial cues to deceit and how facial expressions can serve
a lie, but also provide manifold and very subtle cues to the truth
-Face can show which emotion is felt: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, distress,
happiness, contentment, excitement, surprise, and contempt
-Proposes: to the skilled observer, there are a range of micro-expressions which yield
the emotions behind them
SMILES - Answers -Believes one can distinguish between 18 different types of smiles...
False Smiles - Answers --Inappropriate
-when they occur
-how long they last
-Asymmetrical
-Not accompanied by the involvement of the many muscles around the eye; only cover
actions of the lower face and lower eyelid
Deceptive Micro Expressions - Answers --Leakage of happiness (ex: smirks) and anger
-Falsified/ incomplete expressions of sadness
Socially rejected people - Answers -McDonald et al.
Socially rejected people display micro-expressions that are detectable
-->socially rejected people often appear stoic and unmoved; their macro expressions
are not accurate reflections of their emotional states
Motivational Impairment Effect - Answers -The added emotional and cognitive
demands of a lie with particularly high stakes may make it easier to determine the
veracity of an individual's statement
Motivational Enhancement Effect - Answers --Lack of nonverbal cues attenuates the
motivational impairment effect
-Sufficiently motivated to take advantage of the unique features of the CMC
environment
-Longer cognitive latency period to plan message
-Edit message before sending
