MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
time
Benign Cell Features - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
,o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
tissues and result in death
Malignant cell features - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
,Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal cells are damaged and
irreversible
Promotion - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-cancer development
Cancer classification - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of
mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Number of chromosomes
Staging - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
, TNM - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Period of time required for that
quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-People who are already affected and
getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
time
Benign Cell Features - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
,o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
tissues and result in death
Malignant cell features - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
,Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal cells are damaged and
irreversible
Promotion - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-cancer development
Cancer classification - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of
mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Number of chromosomes
Staging - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
, TNM - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Period of time required for that
quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-People who are already affected and
getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
