PA Practice Exam I PT with Complete
Solutions
Fledshers - ANS-- Russian "PAs"
-90% woman
- "complimentary/substitutional" - not next to/in relief of docs.
China's Barefoot Docs - ANS-1965 - Cultural Revolution
- 2-3 month training
-peasant performing medical duties, not a HC worker
Conditions that fostered PA Concept - ANS-1. Elimination of deprivation of society
among poor, minority & women
2. Inc. to positive value attached to health & HC --- system, delivery, cost
3. Supply of phys & specialty maldistribution
4. Physician extender models --- midwives, Feldshers...
5. Nurses & corpsmen avaialble
6. Need for clinical support professional
1910 - ANS-Flexner Report to Carnegie
-· Called on med schools to be science-based, and to have higher admission and
graduation standards
· Nearly ½ the schools did not meet the standards, they merged or shut down by 1935.
- Reverted to men only.
· 1942 teaching hospitals emerged from this report.
First half of 20th Century - ANS-- 94% white men doctors
- Fee for Service - Cash
-Hospitals 20% of HC
WWII Impact on Medicine - ANS-- PCN
- Plasma
-Medics
Post WWII - ANS-- Rapid decline in generalists due to restricted privileges so they use
GI money to become specialists.
1960s - ANS-Great Society, Civil Unrest, Migrant Workers
1959 - ANS-- National shortage of HC providers
- 1st national HC Crisis
,Natalie Holt - ANS-- Wrote "Confusions Masterpiece" about how nurses could have had
PAs but NLN shut them down
-RN w/ BSN to enhance image
1798 - ANS-- John Wall - US Navy "loblolly boy" - asst. medical officer.
- Changed to "surgeon's steward" then "bayman" then "Hospital Corpsman" in the 20th
c.
1863 - ANS-Johnanna Maria Heden - Swedish midwife - 1st female feldsher
1891 - ANS-- Capt. John Van Renssalaer Hoff, MC - 1st "medic" instruction for
members of the Hospital Corps at Fort Riley, Kansas.
1898 - ANS-- US Navy Hospital Corps
1911 - ANS-- Henrietta Phelps Lawson Jeffries, AA midwife put on trial in NC. Found
not guilty after judge becomes her attorney.
1930 - ANS-- Dr. Charles Higgins hires Eddie Rogers to be his "medic" in urology at Cl.
Clinic
- Vivien Thomas works with Dr. Alfred Blaylock at Vandy and JH. - Work on "blue
babies"
- Former military corpsmen start to receive formal training for Federal Prison System.
This led to US Public Health Service PA Program in 1968.
1940 - ANS-- Henry "Buddy" Treadwell is trained by Dr. Amos Johnson to be his
"doctor's assistant" in rural NC
1942 - ANS-- Dr. Eugene Stead develops a fast-track, 3yr medical curriculum at Emory
Univ. for military service.
- No residents, so used them to help staff hospital.
- Provided model for competency-based medical curr. developed to educate PA's at
Duke in 1965.
1957 - ANS-- Thelma Ingles takes sabbatical with Dr. Stead to develop Nursing
master's program for nurse clinicians.
- This was funded by the Rockefeller Group, but was not accredited by the National
League of Nurses because Thelma did not have a nursing degree.
- If it had, we may not have PA's.
, 1961 - ANS-- Dr. Charles Hudson addressed the House of Delegates at the AMA. He
calls for a "mid-level" provider for the ranks of former military personnel.
1963 - ANS-- Dr. Hu Myers approaches Alderson-Broaduss College in WV about a 4yr
PA program.
1964 - ANS-- The Civil Rights Act is enacted
- Dr. Stead announces letter to Duke about starting PA Program modeled after Dr.
Johnson and Buddy Treadwell's relationship.
1965 - ANS-- Dr. Stead and Ingles inaugurate first PA Program at Duke. - Kathryn
Andreoli, DSN assists with curriculum at Duke.
- NIH assisted with funding for Duke.
- Medicare and Medicaid are passed.
- Mao Zedong calls for training of "barefoot doctors"
- Dr. Henry Silver and Loretta Ford, RN establish 4 month Pediatric NP program at CU.
Original NP concept.
1967 - ANS-- Surgical Asst. Program - U of A established under Dr. John Kirkland.
- 1st 3 PA's graduate on 10/6/67 - Victor Germino, Kenneth Ferrell, Richard Scheele
- Dr. Myers gets funding for 4yr program and did not require medical experience at A-B
College.
1968 - ANS-- Dr. Myers approaches A-B College and receives approval for 1st 4yr
baccalaureate degree PA Program.
- AAPA is established - 5/20/68
- Dr. Henry Silver launches Children's Health Associate (CHA) Program at CU, PA
Program for Pediatrics.
- 1st MS at CU by Dr. Henry Silver.
1969 - ANS-- Dr. Richard Smith launches MEDEX program at U of Wash.
- Colorado is 1st to pass legislation?
1970 - ANS-- Cali is 2nd to pass legislation
1971 - ANS-- JRC-PA established by AMA
- NC 3rd state to pass laws allowing PA Practice.
- AF starts "Towner's Boys" program after Lt. Gen. Alfonzo Towner.
- Residency in Sx at Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx.
- AAPA started 1st Physician's Associate Journal.
- Vanderbilt Law Review reports need for laws to ensure ability to practice under
physician.
Solutions
Fledshers - ANS-- Russian "PAs"
-90% woman
- "complimentary/substitutional" - not next to/in relief of docs.
China's Barefoot Docs - ANS-1965 - Cultural Revolution
- 2-3 month training
-peasant performing medical duties, not a HC worker
Conditions that fostered PA Concept - ANS-1. Elimination of deprivation of society
among poor, minority & women
2. Inc. to positive value attached to health & HC --- system, delivery, cost
3. Supply of phys & specialty maldistribution
4. Physician extender models --- midwives, Feldshers...
5. Nurses & corpsmen avaialble
6. Need for clinical support professional
1910 - ANS-Flexner Report to Carnegie
-· Called on med schools to be science-based, and to have higher admission and
graduation standards
· Nearly ½ the schools did not meet the standards, they merged or shut down by 1935.
- Reverted to men only.
· 1942 teaching hospitals emerged from this report.
First half of 20th Century - ANS-- 94% white men doctors
- Fee for Service - Cash
-Hospitals 20% of HC
WWII Impact on Medicine - ANS-- PCN
- Plasma
-Medics
Post WWII - ANS-- Rapid decline in generalists due to restricted privileges so they use
GI money to become specialists.
1960s - ANS-Great Society, Civil Unrest, Migrant Workers
1959 - ANS-- National shortage of HC providers
- 1st national HC Crisis
,Natalie Holt - ANS-- Wrote "Confusions Masterpiece" about how nurses could have had
PAs but NLN shut them down
-RN w/ BSN to enhance image
1798 - ANS-- John Wall - US Navy "loblolly boy" - asst. medical officer.
- Changed to "surgeon's steward" then "bayman" then "Hospital Corpsman" in the 20th
c.
1863 - ANS-Johnanna Maria Heden - Swedish midwife - 1st female feldsher
1891 - ANS-- Capt. John Van Renssalaer Hoff, MC - 1st "medic" instruction for
members of the Hospital Corps at Fort Riley, Kansas.
1898 - ANS-- US Navy Hospital Corps
1911 - ANS-- Henrietta Phelps Lawson Jeffries, AA midwife put on trial in NC. Found
not guilty after judge becomes her attorney.
1930 - ANS-- Dr. Charles Higgins hires Eddie Rogers to be his "medic" in urology at Cl.
Clinic
- Vivien Thomas works with Dr. Alfred Blaylock at Vandy and JH. - Work on "blue
babies"
- Former military corpsmen start to receive formal training for Federal Prison System.
This led to US Public Health Service PA Program in 1968.
1940 - ANS-- Henry "Buddy" Treadwell is trained by Dr. Amos Johnson to be his
"doctor's assistant" in rural NC
1942 - ANS-- Dr. Eugene Stead develops a fast-track, 3yr medical curriculum at Emory
Univ. for military service.
- No residents, so used them to help staff hospital.
- Provided model for competency-based medical curr. developed to educate PA's at
Duke in 1965.
1957 - ANS-- Thelma Ingles takes sabbatical with Dr. Stead to develop Nursing
master's program for nurse clinicians.
- This was funded by the Rockefeller Group, but was not accredited by the National
League of Nurses because Thelma did not have a nursing degree.
- If it had, we may not have PA's.
, 1961 - ANS-- Dr. Charles Hudson addressed the House of Delegates at the AMA. He
calls for a "mid-level" provider for the ranks of former military personnel.
1963 - ANS-- Dr. Hu Myers approaches Alderson-Broaduss College in WV about a 4yr
PA program.
1964 - ANS-- The Civil Rights Act is enacted
- Dr. Stead announces letter to Duke about starting PA Program modeled after Dr.
Johnson and Buddy Treadwell's relationship.
1965 - ANS-- Dr. Stead and Ingles inaugurate first PA Program at Duke. - Kathryn
Andreoli, DSN assists with curriculum at Duke.
- NIH assisted with funding for Duke.
- Medicare and Medicaid are passed.
- Mao Zedong calls for training of "barefoot doctors"
- Dr. Henry Silver and Loretta Ford, RN establish 4 month Pediatric NP program at CU.
Original NP concept.
1967 - ANS-- Surgical Asst. Program - U of A established under Dr. John Kirkland.
- 1st 3 PA's graduate on 10/6/67 - Victor Germino, Kenneth Ferrell, Richard Scheele
- Dr. Myers gets funding for 4yr program and did not require medical experience at A-B
College.
1968 - ANS-- Dr. Myers approaches A-B College and receives approval for 1st 4yr
baccalaureate degree PA Program.
- AAPA is established - 5/20/68
- Dr. Henry Silver launches Children's Health Associate (CHA) Program at CU, PA
Program for Pediatrics.
- 1st MS at CU by Dr. Henry Silver.
1969 - ANS-- Dr. Richard Smith launches MEDEX program at U of Wash.
- Colorado is 1st to pass legislation?
1970 - ANS-- Cali is 2nd to pass legislation
1971 - ANS-- JRC-PA established by AMA
- NC 3rd state to pass laws allowing PA Practice.
- AF starts "Towner's Boys" program after Lt. Gen. Alfonzo Towner.
- Residency in Sx at Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx.
- AAPA started 1st Physician's Associate Journal.
- Vanderbilt Law Review reports need for laws to ensure ability to practice under
physician.
