Capitalism Multi-party state, free from government USA, Britain, France
Capitalism vs Communism
Communism Government is in control, one party state
America and Britain sent soldiers to fight
Russian Civil War 1917-22 against communist party (USSR)
Wasn’t published in USSR, only available in
Leaked around the world 6 satellite states
Americans feared the spread of
communism and socialist ideas
Criticised Stalin’s policies and poor
relations with West To de-Stalinise
Secret Speech 1956 Persecuted and arreaseted communists in
The Red Scare, 1920s the USA
Shows that he wasn’t as ruthless as Stalin To build a better connection with the West
USA vs USSR - Early Tensions Blacked bad things on the Communists
(e.g. Boston bombings)
Separate himself from his rivals Reasons for speech
Stalin believed that the British and
Khrushchev believed economic output People were more willing to work with th So that people felt free to create their own
American’s could have launched D-Day He believed they waited until they thought
would increase government ideas
D-Day 1944 - delays earlier than they did the Germans had defeat the Red Army
Reduction of soviet military bases, better
relations Lessened the threat of war British government believed that the
The British General Strike 1926 miners strike was funded by the USSR
Khrushchev willing to attend meetings
Agreed because all countries wanted Hitler
outside of the Soviet Union, like Geneva Improved dialogue between the two
gone
and Camp David countries Policy of peaceful co-existence
Planned invasion of Nazi occupied France Outcome of the war was not yet
Increased investment in the nuclear arms Khrushchev’s interpretation of peaceful co- Tehran 1943 by May 1944 between UK, USA, USSR guaranteed in 1943
race, space race and a propaganda war existence lead to increased completion
Nothing else agreed
Showed satellite states that Khrushchev
doesn’t want to oppress them Closed down Cominform More concrete decisions made as the Allies
now they have now own the war
Invited Josef Tito, Yugoslavia’s leader to
Showed he was friendlier than Stalin Moscow De-Stalinisation Yalta Feb 1945 USSR wanted higher reparations from USA did not to avoid another T.o.V kind of
Main Topic 1 Germany thing
Closed down Gulags (prisons) + released Disagreements
Showed he was powerful and kind prisoners Stalin wanted the German-Polish border
Wartime conferences further west
USA was more willing to negotiate with
USSR as Khrushchev was anti-Stalin Roosevelt replaced with Harry Truman Truman was more anti-communist that
5. Khrushchev April 1945 Tensions? Roosevelt and didn’t know Stalin
Geneva 1955
USA & USSR agreed how Austria should be
Improved relations USSR removed their troops governed in Geneva Stalin worried that agreements at Potsdam
Before Conference Insult to the USSR because USA were now will sway in USA’s favour because of fear of
Meeting where President Eisenhower and stronger the bomb
USA tested atom bomb 16th July 1945 (day
Khrushchev talked face to face in USA Camp David 1959
before Potsdam)
USA had deliberately timed the event to
Nixon wants compete freedom worry USSR
Disagreeing about important of freedom of Potsdam 17 July 1945
ideas
Khrushchev doesn’t want complete Stalin still wanted lots of reparations but USSR gathers heavy reparations from their
freedom, only some Relationship between Nixon and Reparations size USA didn’t zones of Germany
Khrushchev seems relaxed but competitive Kitchen Debate 1959
Says USSR will catch up to USA in a short Khrushchev talks about how technology Germans surrender - what happens to
Intimidating time development in USSR has improved What needed to be discussed? Germany
Workers went on strike & demanded higher USSR still wanted to expand it’s border into Red Army is in a good position to do this
wages + freedom of Catholic Church Anti-hardline communist protest occurred Polish Borders Poland because it is occupying Eastern Europe USSR won argument
Poland 1956
He promised that Poland would stay Avoided military action because Gomulka Was responsible for Britain winning the war
communist and follow Warsaw Pact was appointed as leader Military action?
One of the only European leaders not to be
Nagy got Hungary to leave the Warsaw Why was he still taken seriously? conquered by Hitler
Would have made Khrushchev seem like a Pact + told Khrushchev to remove Soviet
bad leader troops from Hungary Nagy replaced Rakosi as Hungarian leader Saved lots of soldiers at the evacuation of
Dunkirk
30,000 killed Hungarians tried to fight back Sent 6,000 soviet tanks into Budapest
Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech 1946 Said that Europe has been divided into two
Military action? parts: Capitalist & Communist
Nagy was captured + executed in 1958 Hungary 1956 He wanted to make clear differences
between USSR and UK/USA
Said that Stalin has become the biggest
USSR threaten Britain and France with obstacle for maintains world peace
rockets + nuclear weapons if US intervened Why did he give the speech?
US did nothing He wanted to make the relationship
Eisenhower was campaign for reelection so between the USA and the UK stronger Called it a “special relationship”
was not interested by Hungary
Dones’t want to anger the polish people
Batista cancelled elections and stages
Because he didn’t think he would win military takeover to make himself Prime
against Castro minister 1952 Why doesn’t he do it all at once? Doesn’t want to look like Hitler
Doesn’t want to provoke international
Castro and his army attacked Cuban reaction
government 1953
Cuban Revolution 1. Free elections resulted in a number of
Stalin takes small steps to turn Poland into
USA stopped selling arms to Cuba, parties being elected into polish
Slicing Salami a communist government 1945-47
Castro wins withdrawing support from Batista 1958 government
Castro creates communist government in 2. A group of parties, including communist,
Cuba 1959 formed a coalition government.
USA made in 1945, USSR made in 1949 Atom bomb 3. Stalin intervened and arrested all non-
Stages/“Slices” communist parties from the government
USA made in 1952, USSR made in 1953 Hydrogen bomb USA + USSR race to make nuclear weapons 4. Left only Polish Communist leader.
Both made in 1957 5. All further free elections were abolished
Inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM’s) Nuclear Arms Race
Could fire at a target 5,000 km away George Kennan - US ambassador in Claimed that USSR believed they were in Said that the USA needed to stop the USSR
The Long Telegram 1946 Moscow an unending war with capitalism and challenge them
Both countries understood they could
Acted as a deterrent annihilate each other Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) US-USSR animosity Said that the USSR should establish
Nikolai Novikov - USSR’S ambassador in Claimed the USA was going to fight the Communist states in Eastern Europe for
The plane was a spy plane, US government Novikov Telegram 1946 Washington Communists to the death self defence
Soviets retrieved film indicating it was a spy lied and claimed it was a weather American U2 pilot, Gary Powers, was shot
mission showing US had publicly lied monitoring plane down over USSR airspace in Cuba U2 Incident Truman scared that Stalin is spreading Stalin claims he need the “satellite states”
Communism to more countries as protection against Germany
U2 incident + Paris Summit 1960
Issues were supposed to be discussed
The Truman Doctrine 1947 To encourage countries to choose
Paris Summit Statement that the USA would provide
Eisenhower refused so Khrushchev walked Khrushchev demanded that Eisenhower capitalism
support for democracies under threat, of
out of the Summit apologised for the mission Fell apart because of U2 incident
spread of Communism
Superpower 2. Satellite States Greece and Turkey 1947
Sends $400 million to help Greece and
Turkey
Kennedy wanted to overthrow Castro and
Made up of US troops and Cuban exiles Used an army of only 1,500 men eliminate him Relations
The government would take more
responsibility
Castro found out about Kennedy’s plan and People needed money to solve problems in USA feared that people would turn to
called his army to stop it Fear of communism spreading late 1940s Communism because…
How did it fail? Fairness - people would have the same
money
US army was heavily outnumbered (50 to 1)
Bay of Pigs 1961
Was a way of making Western European
Undermines Kennedy (new president)
The Marshall Plan, March 1948 USA offered $12 billion countries not fall prey to communism
Embarrassing for US
Makes them look aggressive
Unwilling to support Marshall aid at first Would shave to pay more taxes
Resulting in increased arms shipments to Strengthens Castro’s position in Cuba and
Cuba in 1962 drew Cuba and Soviet Union together US public reaction Changed their minds when Jan Mazaryle,
Czechoslovakian non-communist foreign
Khrushchev insisted that Kennedy minister for USA was mysteriously killed
Turned into a wall over several days
Khrushchev started building a fence withdrew troops from West Berlin and the
around West Berlin Kennedy refused border areas Showed how much the US feared the
Locked all crossing points and soldiers USA-USSR relations spread of communism
surrounded it
Molotov Plan Stalins version of Marshall Plan Gives money to satellite states
Khrushchev saw it as an opportunity
because the Bay of Pigs went so badly for
US and Kennedy was inexperienced Was constructed just after Bay of Pigs Foreign policy Response to Truman Doctrine
Stops East Germans from going to the Reaction to Marshall Plan Cominform 1947 Make sure they followed similar foreign
better West Berlin Migration So that USSR could coordinate with policies and economic polices to USSR
Reasons for Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall 1961 satellites states
Maintains loyalty
West Berlin was more appealing and had
People were migrating there been refurbished Economic differences
Offers more economic support (Molotov
Comecon Ensures satellite states stay loyal Plan)
Oppression Hungry 1956
USA disputed the right of Soviet troops to
guard the checkpoints and check passports West Germany in 1949
Britain + France + USA joined their zones in
of American officials who passed through
1946, called Trizona
Allies look kinder than USSR by giving Placed pressure on USSR, they set up East
Trizona Independence Germany in 1949
Kennedy visited West Berlin and increased USA’s response
Germany was divided into four occupied
rivalry by making speeches promising
zones US economic gave economic aid to Trizona Created a new currency - Deutschmark
American support for West Berlin
U2 plane flew over Cuba and took pictures USSR extracted reparations form its zone
of USSR building a missile base 14th
To show that USSR still had power in
Germany
CIA reported at least 16 missiles in Cuba Blocked all rail, road, and canal access to
and more ships were carrying missiles to West Berlin
Cuba 15th Oct 1962 Stalin feared the development of West
Germany
Kennedy summoned National Security
16th-22nd 2.5 million people left without food, goods,
Council to decide how to respond
Formation of West and East Germany The Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948 Problems medicine or electricy
3. Germany Divided
Could use missiles in Cuba as a bargaining
Used as a threat against Khrushchev NATO had missiles in Turkey US/UK airlift bringing in supplies to West
counter
Solution Berlin Lasted 11 months + was very expensive
To seem powerful Why missiles in Cuba?
Tensions between USA & USSR grew
Fear that the USA would invade Cuba
Military alliance - if one country was
Western countries agree to have an army attacked, all countries would help fight
Stops any more ships from getting to Cuba and help defend other allies back
Strengths
Stops trade with Cuba NATO April 1949
Made capitalist democracy seem strong
There were already missiles in Cuba Blockade with US navy Kennedy’s decision Threat to Stalin
Showed how much Western Countries
Cuban Missile Crisis hated communism
Leaves US exposed - no navy
Weaknesses
Very expensive
Japan was defeated by USSR and US forces Red Army occupied North Korea
USSR could blockade Berlin Causes in 1945
US Army occupied South Korea
Said that missiles on Cuba were defensive 6. Tensions 1960s and solutions
North Korea attack first between June-Sept
1st letter: 26th October 1950
If the blockade was lifted, the missiles
would be removed
Khrushchev’s letters Used the UN to look as if they were
representing the whole global community
Khrushchev went back on his word USA was the biggest contributor to the UN and not being aggressive
2nd letter: 27 October USA joined war when South Korea asked
Missiles in Cuba for missiles in Turkey for help from UN in Sept 1950
Occupied territory back and started to win
the war
Because U2 plane was shot down over Kennedy ignored Khrushchev’s second UN involvement
Cuba and pilot was killed letter and responded to the first 4. The Korean War 1950-53
MacArthur’s plan to push communism out
Resolution What was “rollback” of North Korea Failed
20th November 1962, missiles removed US + USSR ambassador agreed that they
from Cuba Didn’t do it publicly would remove missiles from Turkey
Chinese got involved in Nov 1950 because
UN forces advanced too close to China’s Evened the forces out and forced the UN
Followed Comecon policies too closely borders forces to withdraw into the South
Novotny government became unpopular
Hardline Stalinist Encouraged Greece, Turkey (1951) and West
Causes
Germany (1955) to join NATO
Replaced by Dubcek
Treaty to stop the spread of communism in
Focused on more freedom of speech and Proposed a policy called “socialism with a Impact SEATO 1954 Southeast Asia
less secret police human face
Stalin created the Warsaw Pact which was Made after West Germany joined NATO
Dubcek keeps relations with USSR, the communist version of NATO because of fear of increased membership
reassures Brezhnev they had no plan in
Learnt lesson from Hungarian Uprising leaving Comecon or Warsaw Pact Events
Brezhnev feared Czechoslovakia would Dubcek proposed a Social Democratic
abandon communism Party to be set up instead of Communist Prague Springs 1968 - Czechoslovakia
People stood in front of tanks and offered Czechoslovakian government advised their
flowers to soldiers, refused to cooperate people to not oppose forces - Passive Sent tanks and 500,000 troops from
and chanted at soldiers resistance Warsaw Pact countries
Dubcek arrested and taken to Moscow USSRs response
Pro-soviet leader - Brezhnev’s servant Replaced by Gustav Husak
Worsened relations with the USA
protesting about Soviet actions USA’s responses
Scientists were learning about dangers of
radiation
Fear of mutually assured destruction Why?
Too expensive
US + USSR + UK agreed to not carry our any
Arms Limitations Treaties 1963-8
nuclear weapon tests to protect
environment Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963
Stopped arms race spreading into space
and no one could claim the moon Outer Space Treaty 1967 Treaties
To prevent nuclear weapons from
Nuclear weapon states (NWS) would not developing in non-nuclear weapon states
help NNWS develop weapons (NNWS) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
Cuban Missile crisis 1962
Berlin Wall 1961 Events which eased tension
Arms Limitations Treaties
Relaxation of tensions between USA and
USSR between mid 1960s and 1979
Nixon could focus on Vietnam and other
domestic issues in USA USA
Brezhnev wanted technology to be shared How did it benefit both countries
between USA + USSR
USSR
Could focus on bettering relations with
China Détente
Relations got better because both were
suspicious of USSR Relationship with USA
China
Détente stopped a full war from occurring Bad relationship because leaders criticised
and nuclear weapons being used each other Relationship with USSR
Causes
West Germany coucellor, Brandt,
Surprising as East Germany had built Berlin established a policy to improve relation in
Wall in 1961 which caused tensions East and West Europe
Ostpolitik
Encouraged other countries to do the same
Countries were only allowed 100 anti-
Could only be placed in two sites ballistic missiles (defensive missiles) ABM Treaty 1972
Restriction on how many ICBMs and
submarine launched ballistic missiles
USSR allowed more allowed Interim Treaty 1972-77 Treaties
Banned putting nuclear weapons on
seabed Basic Principles Agreements 1972
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Bettered relations between coutrnies Agree
Countries still could destroy each other Stopped nuclear war?
Treaty didn’t take new multiple nuclear Disagree
warheads on single missiles (MIRVs) into
account
Capitalism vs Communism
Communism Government is in control, one party state
America and Britain sent soldiers to fight
Russian Civil War 1917-22 against communist party (USSR)
Wasn’t published in USSR, only available in
Leaked around the world 6 satellite states
Americans feared the spread of
communism and socialist ideas
Criticised Stalin’s policies and poor
relations with West To de-Stalinise
Secret Speech 1956 Persecuted and arreaseted communists in
The Red Scare, 1920s the USA
Shows that he wasn’t as ruthless as Stalin To build a better connection with the West
USA vs USSR - Early Tensions Blacked bad things on the Communists
(e.g. Boston bombings)
Separate himself from his rivals Reasons for speech
Stalin believed that the British and
Khrushchev believed economic output People were more willing to work with th So that people felt free to create their own
American’s could have launched D-Day He believed they waited until they thought
would increase government ideas
D-Day 1944 - delays earlier than they did the Germans had defeat the Red Army
Reduction of soviet military bases, better
relations Lessened the threat of war British government believed that the
The British General Strike 1926 miners strike was funded by the USSR
Khrushchev willing to attend meetings
Agreed because all countries wanted Hitler
outside of the Soviet Union, like Geneva Improved dialogue between the two
gone
and Camp David countries Policy of peaceful co-existence
Planned invasion of Nazi occupied France Outcome of the war was not yet
Increased investment in the nuclear arms Khrushchev’s interpretation of peaceful co- Tehran 1943 by May 1944 between UK, USA, USSR guaranteed in 1943
race, space race and a propaganda war existence lead to increased completion
Nothing else agreed
Showed satellite states that Khrushchev
doesn’t want to oppress them Closed down Cominform More concrete decisions made as the Allies
now they have now own the war
Invited Josef Tito, Yugoslavia’s leader to
Showed he was friendlier than Stalin Moscow De-Stalinisation Yalta Feb 1945 USSR wanted higher reparations from USA did not to avoid another T.o.V kind of
Main Topic 1 Germany thing
Closed down Gulags (prisons) + released Disagreements
Showed he was powerful and kind prisoners Stalin wanted the German-Polish border
Wartime conferences further west
USA was more willing to negotiate with
USSR as Khrushchev was anti-Stalin Roosevelt replaced with Harry Truman Truman was more anti-communist that
5. Khrushchev April 1945 Tensions? Roosevelt and didn’t know Stalin
Geneva 1955
USA & USSR agreed how Austria should be
Improved relations USSR removed their troops governed in Geneva Stalin worried that agreements at Potsdam
Before Conference Insult to the USSR because USA were now will sway in USA’s favour because of fear of
Meeting where President Eisenhower and stronger the bomb
USA tested atom bomb 16th July 1945 (day
Khrushchev talked face to face in USA Camp David 1959
before Potsdam)
USA had deliberately timed the event to
Nixon wants compete freedom worry USSR
Disagreeing about important of freedom of Potsdam 17 July 1945
ideas
Khrushchev doesn’t want complete Stalin still wanted lots of reparations but USSR gathers heavy reparations from their
freedom, only some Relationship between Nixon and Reparations size USA didn’t zones of Germany
Khrushchev seems relaxed but competitive Kitchen Debate 1959
Says USSR will catch up to USA in a short Khrushchev talks about how technology Germans surrender - what happens to
Intimidating time development in USSR has improved What needed to be discussed? Germany
Workers went on strike & demanded higher USSR still wanted to expand it’s border into Red Army is in a good position to do this
wages + freedom of Catholic Church Anti-hardline communist protest occurred Polish Borders Poland because it is occupying Eastern Europe USSR won argument
Poland 1956
He promised that Poland would stay Avoided military action because Gomulka Was responsible for Britain winning the war
communist and follow Warsaw Pact was appointed as leader Military action?
One of the only European leaders not to be
Nagy got Hungary to leave the Warsaw Why was he still taken seriously? conquered by Hitler
Would have made Khrushchev seem like a Pact + told Khrushchev to remove Soviet
bad leader troops from Hungary Nagy replaced Rakosi as Hungarian leader Saved lots of soldiers at the evacuation of
Dunkirk
30,000 killed Hungarians tried to fight back Sent 6,000 soviet tanks into Budapest
Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech 1946 Said that Europe has been divided into two
Military action? parts: Capitalist & Communist
Nagy was captured + executed in 1958 Hungary 1956 He wanted to make clear differences
between USSR and UK/USA
Said that Stalin has become the biggest
USSR threaten Britain and France with obstacle for maintains world peace
rockets + nuclear weapons if US intervened Why did he give the speech?
US did nothing He wanted to make the relationship
Eisenhower was campaign for reelection so between the USA and the UK stronger Called it a “special relationship”
was not interested by Hungary
Dones’t want to anger the polish people
Batista cancelled elections and stages
Because he didn’t think he would win military takeover to make himself Prime
against Castro minister 1952 Why doesn’t he do it all at once? Doesn’t want to look like Hitler
Doesn’t want to provoke international
Castro and his army attacked Cuban reaction
government 1953
Cuban Revolution 1. Free elections resulted in a number of
Stalin takes small steps to turn Poland into
USA stopped selling arms to Cuba, parties being elected into polish
Slicing Salami a communist government 1945-47
Castro wins withdrawing support from Batista 1958 government
Castro creates communist government in 2. A group of parties, including communist,
Cuba 1959 formed a coalition government.
USA made in 1945, USSR made in 1949 Atom bomb 3. Stalin intervened and arrested all non-
Stages/“Slices” communist parties from the government
USA made in 1952, USSR made in 1953 Hydrogen bomb USA + USSR race to make nuclear weapons 4. Left only Polish Communist leader.
Both made in 1957 5. All further free elections were abolished
Inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM’s) Nuclear Arms Race
Could fire at a target 5,000 km away George Kennan - US ambassador in Claimed that USSR believed they were in Said that the USA needed to stop the USSR
The Long Telegram 1946 Moscow an unending war with capitalism and challenge them
Both countries understood they could
Acted as a deterrent annihilate each other Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) US-USSR animosity Said that the USSR should establish
Nikolai Novikov - USSR’S ambassador in Claimed the USA was going to fight the Communist states in Eastern Europe for
The plane was a spy plane, US government Novikov Telegram 1946 Washington Communists to the death self defence
Soviets retrieved film indicating it was a spy lied and claimed it was a weather American U2 pilot, Gary Powers, was shot
mission showing US had publicly lied monitoring plane down over USSR airspace in Cuba U2 Incident Truman scared that Stalin is spreading Stalin claims he need the “satellite states”
Communism to more countries as protection against Germany
U2 incident + Paris Summit 1960
Issues were supposed to be discussed
The Truman Doctrine 1947 To encourage countries to choose
Paris Summit Statement that the USA would provide
Eisenhower refused so Khrushchev walked Khrushchev demanded that Eisenhower capitalism
support for democracies under threat, of
out of the Summit apologised for the mission Fell apart because of U2 incident
spread of Communism
Superpower 2. Satellite States Greece and Turkey 1947
Sends $400 million to help Greece and
Turkey
Kennedy wanted to overthrow Castro and
Made up of US troops and Cuban exiles Used an army of only 1,500 men eliminate him Relations
The government would take more
responsibility
Castro found out about Kennedy’s plan and People needed money to solve problems in USA feared that people would turn to
called his army to stop it Fear of communism spreading late 1940s Communism because…
How did it fail? Fairness - people would have the same
money
US army was heavily outnumbered (50 to 1)
Bay of Pigs 1961
Was a way of making Western European
Undermines Kennedy (new president)
The Marshall Plan, March 1948 USA offered $12 billion countries not fall prey to communism
Embarrassing for US
Makes them look aggressive
Unwilling to support Marshall aid at first Would shave to pay more taxes
Resulting in increased arms shipments to Strengthens Castro’s position in Cuba and
Cuba in 1962 drew Cuba and Soviet Union together US public reaction Changed their minds when Jan Mazaryle,
Czechoslovakian non-communist foreign
Khrushchev insisted that Kennedy minister for USA was mysteriously killed
Turned into a wall over several days
Khrushchev started building a fence withdrew troops from West Berlin and the
around West Berlin Kennedy refused border areas Showed how much the US feared the
Locked all crossing points and soldiers USA-USSR relations spread of communism
surrounded it
Molotov Plan Stalins version of Marshall Plan Gives money to satellite states
Khrushchev saw it as an opportunity
because the Bay of Pigs went so badly for
US and Kennedy was inexperienced Was constructed just after Bay of Pigs Foreign policy Response to Truman Doctrine
Stops East Germans from going to the Reaction to Marshall Plan Cominform 1947 Make sure they followed similar foreign
better West Berlin Migration So that USSR could coordinate with policies and economic polices to USSR
Reasons for Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall 1961 satellites states
Maintains loyalty
West Berlin was more appealing and had
People were migrating there been refurbished Economic differences
Offers more economic support (Molotov
Comecon Ensures satellite states stay loyal Plan)
Oppression Hungry 1956
USA disputed the right of Soviet troops to
guard the checkpoints and check passports West Germany in 1949
Britain + France + USA joined their zones in
of American officials who passed through
1946, called Trizona
Allies look kinder than USSR by giving Placed pressure on USSR, they set up East
Trizona Independence Germany in 1949
Kennedy visited West Berlin and increased USA’s response
Germany was divided into four occupied
rivalry by making speeches promising
zones US economic gave economic aid to Trizona Created a new currency - Deutschmark
American support for West Berlin
U2 plane flew over Cuba and took pictures USSR extracted reparations form its zone
of USSR building a missile base 14th
To show that USSR still had power in
Germany
CIA reported at least 16 missiles in Cuba Blocked all rail, road, and canal access to
and more ships were carrying missiles to West Berlin
Cuba 15th Oct 1962 Stalin feared the development of West
Germany
Kennedy summoned National Security
16th-22nd 2.5 million people left without food, goods,
Council to decide how to respond
Formation of West and East Germany The Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948 Problems medicine or electricy
3. Germany Divided
Could use missiles in Cuba as a bargaining
Used as a threat against Khrushchev NATO had missiles in Turkey US/UK airlift bringing in supplies to West
counter
Solution Berlin Lasted 11 months + was very expensive
To seem powerful Why missiles in Cuba?
Tensions between USA & USSR grew
Fear that the USA would invade Cuba
Military alliance - if one country was
Western countries agree to have an army attacked, all countries would help fight
Stops any more ships from getting to Cuba and help defend other allies back
Strengths
Stops trade with Cuba NATO April 1949
Made capitalist democracy seem strong
There were already missiles in Cuba Blockade with US navy Kennedy’s decision Threat to Stalin
Showed how much Western Countries
Cuban Missile Crisis hated communism
Leaves US exposed - no navy
Weaknesses
Very expensive
Japan was defeated by USSR and US forces Red Army occupied North Korea
USSR could blockade Berlin Causes in 1945
US Army occupied South Korea
Said that missiles on Cuba were defensive 6. Tensions 1960s and solutions
North Korea attack first between June-Sept
1st letter: 26th October 1950
If the blockade was lifted, the missiles
would be removed
Khrushchev’s letters Used the UN to look as if they were
representing the whole global community
Khrushchev went back on his word USA was the biggest contributor to the UN and not being aggressive
2nd letter: 27 October USA joined war when South Korea asked
Missiles in Cuba for missiles in Turkey for help from UN in Sept 1950
Occupied territory back and started to win
the war
Because U2 plane was shot down over Kennedy ignored Khrushchev’s second UN involvement
Cuba and pilot was killed letter and responded to the first 4. The Korean War 1950-53
MacArthur’s plan to push communism out
Resolution What was “rollback” of North Korea Failed
20th November 1962, missiles removed US + USSR ambassador agreed that they
from Cuba Didn’t do it publicly would remove missiles from Turkey
Chinese got involved in Nov 1950 because
UN forces advanced too close to China’s Evened the forces out and forced the UN
Followed Comecon policies too closely borders forces to withdraw into the South
Novotny government became unpopular
Hardline Stalinist Encouraged Greece, Turkey (1951) and West
Causes
Germany (1955) to join NATO
Replaced by Dubcek
Treaty to stop the spread of communism in
Focused on more freedom of speech and Proposed a policy called “socialism with a Impact SEATO 1954 Southeast Asia
less secret police human face
Stalin created the Warsaw Pact which was Made after West Germany joined NATO
Dubcek keeps relations with USSR, the communist version of NATO because of fear of increased membership
reassures Brezhnev they had no plan in
Learnt lesson from Hungarian Uprising leaving Comecon or Warsaw Pact Events
Brezhnev feared Czechoslovakia would Dubcek proposed a Social Democratic
abandon communism Party to be set up instead of Communist Prague Springs 1968 - Czechoslovakia
People stood in front of tanks and offered Czechoslovakian government advised their
flowers to soldiers, refused to cooperate people to not oppose forces - Passive Sent tanks and 500,000 troops from
and chanted at soldiers resistance Warsaw Pact countries
Dubcek arrested and taken to Moscow USSRs response
Pro-soviet leader - Brezhnev’s servant Replaced by Gustav Husak
Worsened relations with the USA
protesting about Soviet actions USA’s responses
Scientists were learning about dangers of
radiation
Fear of mutually assured destruction Why?
Too expensive
US + USSR + UK agreed to not carry our any
Arms Limitations Treaties 1963-8
nuclear weapon tests to protect
environment Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963
Stopped arms race spreading into space
and no one could claim the moon Outer Space Treaty 1967 Treaties
To prevent nuclear weapons from
Nuclear weapon states (NWS) would not developing in non-nuclear weapon states
help NNWS develop weapons (NNWS) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
Cuban Missile crisis 1962
Berlin Wall 1961 Events which eased tension
Arms Limitations Treaties
Relaxation of tensions between USA and
USSR between mid 1960s and 1979
Nixon could focus on Vietnam and other
domestic issues in USA USA
Brezhnev wanted technology to be shared How did it benefit both countries
between USA + USSR
USSR
Could focus on bettering relations with
China Détente
Relations got better because both were
suspicious of USSR Relationship with USA
China
Détente stopped a full war from occurring Bad relationship because leaders criticised
and nuclear weapons being used each other Relationship with USSR
Causes
West Germany coucellor, Brandt,
Surprising as East Germany had built Berlin established a policy to improve relation in
Wall in 1961 which caused tensions East and West Europe
Ostpolitik
Encouraged other countries to do the same
Countries were only allowed 100 anti-
Could only be placed in two sites ballistic missiles (defensive missiles) ABM Treaty 1972
Restriction on how many ICBMs and
submarine launched ballistic missiles
USSR allowed more allowed Interim Treaty 1972-77 Treaties
Banned putting nuclear weapons on
seabed Basic Principles Agreements 1972
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Bettered relations between coutrnies Agree
Countries still could destroy each other Stopped nuclear war?
Treaty didn’t take new multiple nuclear Disagree
warheads on single missiles (MIRVs) into
account
