Test bank For Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse Correct and Verified Answers
Nucleus - Corrrect answerContains the genetic information of the cell
Nuleolus - Corrrect answerProduces RNA which transcribes, processes, which sends out
information to the ribosomes.
Smoothe Endoplasmic Reticulum - Corrrect answerProduction of phospholipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Corrrect answerSite of synthesis of lysosomes and proteins for
intracellular and extracellular use.
Ribosomes - Corrrect answerAids in protein production on the rough endoplasmic reticulum as
well as polysomes (messenger RNA and ribosomes).
The ribosomes along with transfer RNA interpret messenger RNA which carries the genetic
material of the cell.
Golgi apparatus - Corrrect answerSorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins produced
on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes - Corrrect answerCombines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by
cells. Lysosome membrane separates digestive enzymes from the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - Corrrect answerBreaks down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules and
is involved in nerve cell myelin sheath development.
,Mitochondria - Corrrect answerContains enzymes to convert food into energy. ATP production
occurs in the mitochondria.
Cilia - Corrrect answerPropels materials along the surface of certain cells.
Centrioles - Corrrect answerHelps organize spindle apparatus necessary for cell division.
secretory vesicles - Corrrect answerStores protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm
awaiting the signal for release to the outside of the cell.
food vacuole - Corrrect answerStores ingested material and combines with lysosomes. It is the
site of digestion and degradation of engulfed materials. (for example autophagy)
Describe the characteristics of the different types of epithelial cells. - Corrrect answerEpithelial
cells line the outside and all interior areas of the body. The structure depends on the location
and function of the cell.
Simple epithelium - a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium - multiple layers of cells
Different epithelial cell shapes include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
What are the functions of epithelial cells? - Corrrect answerEpithelial cells provide protection as
well as play a role in absorption, secretion, and excretion.
An example of the protective function is that of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin,
mouth, esophagus, and vagina.
,Keratin is on the outer side of the skin. These are made of a fibrous protein that is shed and
replenished.
List the 3 types of connective tissue and discuss their characteristics. - Corrrect
answerConnective tissue is made up of a large extra-cellular matrix and fibroblast cells that
produce several types of fibers.
The three types of fiber are collagen, elastin, and reticular.
What is the function of connective tissue? - Corrrect answerThe most common function of
connective tissue is to support, attach, and store within the body.
What are the different types of muscle tissue? - Corrrect answerDifferent types of muscle fibers
include smooth, cardiac, or skeletal.
These fibers can be voluntary or involuntary (eg. Smooth muscle in the blood vessels).
These are incapable of division and replication.
Describe the process of muscle contraction. - Corrrect answer1. Fiber stimulation leads to an
action potential, 2. depolarization and the release of calcium.
3.The calcium binds to troponin which then uncovers the actin-binding sites and allows for
myosin stands to pull the actin, leading to contraction. This process requires ATP.
Relaxation occurs when there is no longer stimulation or ATP. Calcium is then pumped back in
and the tropomyosin covers the actin-binding sites.
, What are the functions of muscle tissue? - Corrrect answerMuscle fiber leads to movement as
well as heart contraction and contraction of blood vessels.
What are the two different types of nerve cells? - Corrrect answerNeurons
Neuroglial cells
What are the main structures of the neuron? - Corrrect answerThe main structures of the
neuron include the following:
· Cell body and nucleus
· Axon - conducts impulses away from the cell body
· Dendrites - conduct impulses toward the cell body
· The nerve cells are covered with myelin, forming the myelin sheath which protects the nerve
as well as increases speed of neural transmission.
What is the function of neuroglial cells? - Corrrect answerProvide structure to the nervous
system.
List the four types of neuroglial cells and explain their function. - Corrrect answer· Astrocytes -
form the framework of the brain and spinal cord as well as the blood-brain barrier.
· Ependymal cells - for the epithelial lining of the central nervous system. They also produce
cerebral spinal fluid.
· Oligodendrocytes - these develop myelin in the central nervous system.
· Schwann Cells - produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
True or False: Nerve cells are incapable of division and replication. - Corrrect answerTrue
What is the main function of cells of the nervous system? - Corrrect answerThe main function of
nerve cells is the processing and transmission of information.
Practice Nurse Correct and Verified Answers
Nucleus - Corrrect answerContains the genetic information of the cell
Nuleolus - Corrrect answerProduces RNA which transcribes, processes, which sends out
information to the ribosomes.
Smoothe Endoplasmic Reticulum - Corrrect answerProduction of phospholipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Corrrect answerSite of synthesis of lysosomes and proteins for
intracellular and extracellular use.
Ribosomes - Corrrect answerAids in protein production on the rough endoplasmic reticulum as
well as polysomes (messenger RNA and ribosomes).
The ribosomes along with transfer RNA interpret messenger RNA which carries the genetic
material of the cell.
Golgi apparatus - Corrrect answerSorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins produced
on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes - Corrrect answerCombines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by
cells. Lysosome membrane separates digestive enzymes from the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - Corrrect answerBreaks down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules and
is involved in nerve cell myelin sheath development.
,Mitochondria - Corrrect answerContains enzymes to convert food into energy. ATP production
occurs in the mitochondria.
Cilia - Corrrect answerPropels materials along the surface of certain cells.
Centrioles - Corrrect answerHelps organize spindle apparatus necessary for cell division.
secretory vesicles - Corrrect answerStores protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm
awaiting the signal for release to the outside of the cell.
food vacuole - Corrrect answerStores ingested material and combines with lysosomes. It is the
site of digestion and degradation of engulfed materials. (for example autophagy)
Describe the characteristics of the different types of epithelial cells. - Corrrect answerEpithelial
cells line the outside and all interior areas of the body. The structure depends on the location
and function of the cell.
Simple epithelium - a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium - multiple layers of cells
Different epithelial cell shapes include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
What are the functions of epithelial cells? - Corrrect answerEpithelial cells provide protection as
well as play a role in absorption, secretion, and excretion.
An example of the protective function is that of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin,
mouth, esophagus, and vagina.
,Keratin is on the outer side of the skin. These are made of a fibrous protein that is shed and
replenished.
List the 3 types of connective tissue and discuss their characteristics. - Corrrect
answerConnective tissue is made up of a large extra-cellular matrix and fibroblast cells that
produce several types of fibers.
The three types of fiber are collagen, elastin, and reticular.
What is the function of connective tissue? - Corrrect answerThe most common function of
connective tissue is to support, attach, and store within the body.
What are the different types of muscle tissue? - Corrrect answerDifferent types of muscle fibers
include smooth, cardiac, or skeletal.
These fibers can be voluntary or involuntary (eg. Smooth muscle in the blood vessels).
These are incapable of division and replication.
Describe the process of muscle contraction. - Corrrect answer1. Fiber stimulation leads to an
action potential, 2. depolarization and the release of calcium.
3.The calcium binds to troponin which then uncovers the actin-binding sites and allows for
myosin stands to pull the actin, leading to contraction. This process requires ATP.
Relaxation occurs when there is no longer stimulation or ATP. Calcium is then pumped back in
and the tropomyosin covers the actin-binding sites.
, What are the functions of muscle tissue? - Corrrect answerMuscle fiber leads to movement as
well as heart contraction and contraction of blood vessels.
What are the two different types of nerve cells? - Corrrect answerNeurons
Neuroglial cells
What are the main structures of the neuron? - Corrrect answerThe main structures of the
neuron include the following:
· Cell body and nucleus
· Axon - conducts impulses away from the cell body
· Dendrites - conduct impulses toward the cell body
· The nerve cells are covered with myelin, forming the myelin sheath which protects the nerve
as well as increases speed of neural transmission.
What is the function of neuroglial cells? - Corrrect answerProvide structure to the nervous
system.
List the four types of neuroglial cells and explain their function. - Corrrect answer· Astrocytes -
form the framework of the brain and spinal cord as well as the blood-brain barrier.
· Ependymal cells - for the epithelial lining of the central nervous system. They also produce
cerebral spinal fluid.
· Oligodendrocytes - these develop myelin in the central nervous system.
· Schwann Cells - produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
True or False: Nerve cells are incapable of division and replication. - Corrrect answerTrue
What is the main function of cells of the nervous system? - Corrrect answerThe main function of
nerve cells is the processing and transmission of information.
