NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST BANK 2026 |
CHAMBERLAIN NR283 EXAM 1, EXAM 2, EXAM 3
& FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
DETAILED RATIONALES
1. Pathophysiology is best defined as the study of:
a. Normal body structure
b. Functional and structural changes caused by disease
c. Pharmacologic treatment of disease
d. Preventive health measures
Correct Answerb. Functional and structural changes caused by
disease
Rationale Pathophysiology examines how disease alters
normal physiology and anatomy.
2. Which cellular adaptation involves a decrease in cell size and
number?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Atrophy
c. Hyperplasia
d. Metaplasia
Correct Answerb. Atrophy
, Rationale Atrophy is a decrease in cell size/mass due to
reduced demand or nutrition.
3. Hypertrophy is most commonly seen in:
a. Cardiac muscle in chronic hypertension
b. Liver cells after partial hepatectomy
c. Endometrium during pregnancy
d. Bronchial epithelium in smokers
Correct Answera. Cardiac muscle in chronic hypertension
Rationale Increased workload causes individual muscle cells
to enlarge.
4. Hyperplasia differs from hypertrophy because it involves:
a. Increase in cell number
b. Increase in cell size
c. Change in cell type
d. Cell death
Correct Answera. Increase in cell number
Rationale Hyperplasia is proliferation of cells in response to
stimulus.
5. Metaplasia is best described as:
, a. Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type by
another
b. Increase in cell size
c. Irreversible malignant change
d. Decrease in cell number
Correct Answera. Reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type by another
Rationale Common in smokers’ airways (columnar →
squamous).
6. Which is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
a. Endometrial proliferation during menstrual cycle
b. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
c. Breast tissue during pregnancy
d. All of the above
Correct Answerd. All of the above
Rationale All are normal, hormonally driven increases in cell
number.
7. The most common cause of cellular injury is:
a. Hypoxia
b. Free radical damage
c. Physical agents
, d. Chemical toxins
Correct Answera. Hypoxia
Rationale Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion and is the most
frequent cause.
8. Irreversible cell injury is characterized by:
a. Mitochondrial swelling and membrane rupture
b. Cellular swelling only
c. Fatty change
d. Nuclear pyknosis only
Correct Answera. Mitochondrial swelling and membrane rupture
Rationale Membrane damage and calcium influx make injury
irreversible.
9. Which type of necrosis is seen in myocardial infarction?
a. Coagulative
b. Liquefactive
c. Caseous
d. Fat
Correct Answera. Coagulative
Rationale Protein denaturation preserves cell outline in most
solid organs.
CHAMBERLAIN NR283 EXAM 1, EXAM 2, EXAM 3
& FINAL EXAM | COMPLETE PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
DETAILED RATIONALES
1. Pathophysiology is best defined as the study of:
a. Normal body structure
b. Functional and structural changes caused by disease
c. Pharmacologic treatment of disease
d. Preventive health measures
Correct Answerb. Functional and structural changes caused by
disease
Rationale Pathophysiology examines how disease alters
normal physiology and anatomy.
2. Which cellular adaptation involves a decrease in cell size and
number?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Atrophy
c. Hyperplasia
d. Metaplasia
Correct Answerb. Atrophy
, Rationale Atrophy is a decrease in cell size/mass due to
reduced demand or nutrition.
3. Hypertrophy is most commonly seen in:
a. Cardiac muscle in chronic hypertension
b. Liver cells after partial hepatectomy
c. Endometrium during pregnancy
d. Bronchial epithelium in smokers
Correct Answera. Cardiac muscle in chronic hypertension
Rationale Increased workload causes individual muscle cells
to enlarge.
4. Hyperplasia differs from hypertrophy because it involves:
a. Increase in cell number
b. Increase in cell size
c. Change in cell type
d. Cell death
Correct Answera. Increase in cell number
Rationale Hyperplasia is proliferation of cells in response to
stimulus.
5. Metaplasia is best described as:
, a. Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type by
another
b. Increase in cell size
c. Irreversible malignant change
d. Decrease in cell number
Correct Answera. Reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type by another
Rationale Common in smokers’ airways (columnar →
squamous).
6. Which is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
a. Endometrial proliferation during menstrual cycle
b. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
c. Breast tissue during pregnancy
d. All of the above
Correct Answerd. All of the above
Rationale All are normal, hormonally driven increases in cell
number.
7. The most common cause of cellular injury is:
a. Hypoxia
b. Free radical damage
c. Physical agents
, d. Chemical toxins
Correct Answera. Hypoxia
Rationale Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion and is the most
frequent cause.
8. Irreversible cell injury is characterized by:
a. Mitochondrial swelling and membrane rupture
b. Cellular swelling only
c. Fatty change
d. Nuclear pyknosis only
Correct Answera. Mitochondrial swelling and membrane rupture
Rationale Membrane damage and calcium influx make injury
irreversible.
9. Which type of necrosis is seen in myocardial infarction?
a. Coagulative
b. Liquefactive
c. Caseous
d. Fat
Correct Answera. Coagulative
Rationale Protein denaturation preserves cell outline in most
solid organs.
