PSYC 304 FINAL RESEARCH METHODS
PRACTICE EXAM WITH EXPLANATIONS AND
RATIONALES 2026
◉ permissible transformations. Answer: - ways that we can alter the
assignment of numbers to individual events without distorting the
scale
◉ parametric statistics. Answer: - those that make assumptions
about the population from which the data are drawn—namely, that
the data are normally distributed and each group has the same
variance
- include the usual Pearson correlation coefficient, the t test, and
analysis of variance
◉ nonparametric statistics. Answer: various tests that are based on
rank order of the data or on the sign of the differences between
subjects
relatively infrequently used b/c they lack power compared with the
corresponding parametric test
◉ Reliability. Answer: - The property of consistency of a
measurement that gives the same result on different occasions
, ◉ Validity. Answer: the extent to which a test measures or predicts
what it is supposed to
◉ construct validity. Answer: a test that the measurements actually
measure the constructs they are designed to measure, but no others
◉ face validity. Answer: idea that a test should appear superficially
to test what it is supposed to test
◉ content validity. Answer: - notion that a test should sample the
range of the behaviour that is represented by theoretical concept
being measured
◉ criterion validity. Answer: idea that a test should correlate with
other measures of the same theoretical construct
◉ Types of Measurement error. Answer: systematic or Constant
error and random error
◉ Systematic or Constant Error. Answer: Measurement error that is
associated with consistent bias
◉ random error. Answer: an error that occurs when the selected
sample is an imperfect representation of the overall population
PRACTICE EXAM WITH EXPLANATIONS AND
RATIONALES 2026
◉ permissible transformations. Answer: - ways that we can alter the
assignment of numbers to individual events without distorting the
scale
◉ parametric statistics. Answer: - those that make assumptions
about the population from which the data are drawn—namely, that
the data are normally distributed and each group has the same
variance
- include the usual Pearson correlation coefficient, the t test, and
analysis of variance
◉ nonparametric statistics. Answer: various tests that are based on
rank order of the data or on the sign of the differences between
subjects
relatively infrequently used b/c they lack power compared with the
corresponding parametric test
◉ Reliability. Answer: - The property of consistency of a
measurement that gives the same result on different occasions
, ◉ Validity. Answer: the extent to which a test measures or predicts
what it is supposed to
◉ construct validity. Answer: a test that the measurements actually
measure the constructs they are designed to measure, but no others
◉ face validity. Answer: idea that a test should appear superficially
to test what it is supposed to test
◉ content validity. Answer: - notion that a test should sample the
range of the behaviour that is represented by theoretical concept
being measured
◉ criterion validity. Answer: idea that a test should correlate with
other measures of the same theoretical construct
◉ Types of Measurement error. Answer: systematic or Constant
error and random error
◉ Systematic or Constant Error. Answer: Measurement error that is
associated with consistent bias
◉ random error. Answer: an error that occurs when the selected
sample is an imperfect representation of the overall population
