CPCE Multicultural Counseling Practice Exam – Purple
Book, Helms & Cross Racial Identity Models |Verified
Questions with A+ Graded Answers Latest Updated 2026
nigrescence
the process of developing a black identity, moving from a eurocentric perspective, developed by
William E. Cross Jr.
preencounter
the first stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by anti-Black
attitudes and a positive White orientation
encounter
the second stage of the Cross black identity development model, characterized by a specific
experience that prompts the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racial
identity
immersion/emersion
the third stage of the Cross black identity development model, characterized by a response to
conflict and anxiety from the encounter status, which prompts the individual to retreat and
embrace symbols and artifacts of Black identity, and then develop a more sophisticated Black
identity
internalization
the fourth stage of the Cross black identity development model, when the Black individual is
more accepting of his racial identity and integrates it with other cultural identities
internalization on commitment
the fifth stage of the Cross black identity development model, represented by the individual
being an advocate for Black issues
Helms POCRID
applied Cross' Nigrescence model to all people of color
conformity
,first stage of POCRID, when individuals of color may embrace racial stereotypes, blaming people
of color for their problems. Individuals at this status may not socialize with other people of
color. there is no awareness of racism
dissonance
second stage of POCRID, experience a crisis that increases their awareness that racism exists.
conflict may lead individuals of color to appreciate aspects of their respective racial groups and
distrust the dominant racial group
Helms immersion
third stage of POCRID, individuals in this status actively reject White culture and have increased
racial pride, retreating in their own racial group practices
Helms internalization
fourth stage of POCRID, individuals increasingly identify with individuals of other oppressed
identities and develop an individualized racial self-concept. individuals interact with Whites
more flexibly and objectivity
integrative awareness
fifth stage of POCRID, individuals develop a more complex view of all racial groups and work to
eliminate all forms of oppression. this status differs from Cross' last status, which focuses on
advocacy for Black issues only
WRID
white racial identity development, developed by Helms and Hardiman
contact
first stage of WRID, whites in this status are unaware that racism exists and deny race plays a
role in their interactions with others
disintegration
second stage of WRID, whites become uncomfortable with the notion of racial superiority.
Similar to the second status of minority racial identity development models, there is a racialized
vent that increases Whites' awareness that racism exists, creating feelings of anxiety, guilt,
and/or anger
reintegration
, third stage of WRID, whites that experience this status typically try to lessen the anxiety
experienced in the disintegration status and demonstrate intolerance and anger toward those of
different racial groups
pseudo independence
fourth stage of WRID, whites may move toward this status, whereas they address conflict by
making a superficial commitment to racism issues. However, there are often discrepancies
between attitudes and behaviors toward other racial groups: they do not "walk the talk,"
wite immersion
fifth stage of WRID, whites in this status renew their efforts to address racism and redefine their
"Whiteness." This status involves increased self-reflection and self-understanding of individuals'
role in perpetuating racial privilege
autonomy
sixth stage of WRID, advocacy for Whites: Whites strive to relinquish some of their White
privilege and dismantle the racist status quo
Helms' racial interaction theory
conceptualized how Whites and people of color, at various racial identity development statuses,
might interact and if those interactions would be adaptive or maladaptive
parallel interactions
both individuals are at similar racial identity statuses, resulting in more harmonious race-based
communications.
regressive interactions
one individual (typically the one with more social power) is at a lower racial identity status than
the other individual. this creates frustration and leads to early termination in a counseling
setting
progressive interactions
one individual of a higher social power exhibiting a more advanced racial identity status than
the other individual. this creates an interaction whereby race and culture may be addressed in
counseling, thereby facilitating the racial identity development process for both individuals
naivete
this initial stage is characterized by Whites categorizing others by racial groups and receiving
and transmitting messages about power and privilege
Book, Helms & Cross Racial Identity Models |Verified
Questions with A+ Graded Answers Latest Updated 2026
nigrescence
the process of developing a black identity, moving from a eurocentric perspective, developed by
William E. Cross Jr.
preencounter
the first stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by anti-Black
attitudes and a positive White orientation
encounter
the second stage of the Cross black identity development model, characterized by a specific
experience that prompts the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racial
identity
immersion/emersion
the third stage of the Cross black identity development model, characterized by a response to
conflict and anxiety from the encounter status, which prompts the individual to retreat and
embrace symbols and artifacts of Black identity, and then develop a more sophisticated Black
identity
internalization
the fourth stage of the Cross black identity development model, when the Black individual is
more accepting of his racial identity and integrates it with other cultural identities
internalization on commitment
the fifth stage of the Cross black identity development model, represented by the individual
being an advocate for Black issues
Helms POCRID
applied Cross' Nigrescence model to all people of color
conformity
,first stage of POCRID, when individuals of color may embrace racial stereotypes, blaming people
of color for their problems. Individuals at this status may not socialize with other people of
color. there is no awareness of racism
dissonance
second stage of POCRID, experience a crisis that increases their awareness that racism exists.
conflict may lead individuals of color to appreciate aspects of their respective racial groups and
distrust the dominant racial group
Helms immersion
third stage of POCRID, individuals in this status actively reject White culture and have increased
racial pride, retreating in their own racial group practices
Helms internalization
fourth stage of POCRID, individuals increasingly identify with individuals of other oppressed
identities and develop an individualized racial self-concept. individuals interact with Whites
more flexibly and objectivity
integrative awareness
fifth stage of POCRID, individuals develop a more complex view of all racial groups and work to
eliminate all forms of oppression. this status differs from Cross' last status, which focuses on
advocacy for Black issues only
WRID
white racial identity development, developed by Helms and Hardiman
contact
first stage of WRID, whites in this status are unaware that racism exists and deny race plays a
role in their interactions with others
disintegration
second stage of WRID, whites become uncomfortable with the notion of racial superiority.
Similar to the second status of minority racial identity development models, there is a racialized
vent that increases Whites' awareness that racism exists, creating feelings of anxiety, guilt,
and/or anger
reintegration
, third stage of WRID, whites that experience this status typically try to lessen the anxiety
experienced in the disintegration status and demonstrate intolerance and anger toward those of
different racial groups
pseudo independence
fourth stage of WRID, whites may move toward this status, whereas they address conflict by
making a superficial commitment to racism issues. However, there are often discrepancies
between attitudes and behaviors toward other racial groups: they do not "walk the talk,"
wite immersion
fifth stage of WRID, whites in this status renew their efforts to address racism and redefine their
"Whiteness." This status involves increased self-reflection and self-understanding of individuals'
role in perpetuating racial privilege
autonomy
sixth stage of WRID, advocacy for Whites: Whites strive to relinquish some of their White
privilege and dismantle the racist status quo
Helms' racial interaction theory
conceptualized how Whites and people of color, at various racial identity development statuses,
might interact and if those interactions would be adaptive or maladaptive
parallel interactions
both individuals are at similar racial identity statuses, resulting in more harmonious race-based
communications.
regressive interactions
one individual (typically the one with more social power) is at a lower racial identity status than
the other individual. this creates frustration and leads to early termination in a counseling
setting
progressive interactions
one individual of a higher social power exhibiting a more advanced racial identity status than
the other individual. this creates an interaction whereby race and culture may be addressed in
counseling, thereby facilitating the racial identity development process for both individuals
naivete
this initial stage is characterized by Whites categorizing others by racial groups and receiving
and transmitting messages about power and privilege
