RLGN 104 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
✔✔Potential infinities - ✔✔sets of numbers that are continually increasing by adding
another number to the series. For example, seconds on a stopwatch are potentially
infinite. Once the start button is pressed, a set of numbers or moments will be
generated (1, 2, 3, etc.) until the stop button is pressed. If the stop button is never
pressed, the seconds will potentially accrue forever.
✔✔Actual infinities - ✔✔sets of numbers to which no increment can be added since, by
nature of their infiniteness, the set includes all numbers—there is nothing to add. If this
is hard to imagine, there is good reason: actual infinites do not exist and cannot exist in
the physical world. If actual infinites did exist in the physical world, we would see
absurdities and effects we could not live with, literally.
✔✔Time is not infinite which means (potential infinities) - ✔✔Something or someone
had to "Start" the time. Because we have causes now, we must have had a beginning.
✔✔Kalam Argument - ✔✔Form of cosmological argument: says everything in universe
had a beginning and that beginning was caused by an uncaused cause; 1st cause
would require the ability to create
✔✔Thomist argument - ✔✔Thomas Acquainas, demonstrate God's existence through
motion (first cause sets something into motion). -Everything that comes into existence
owes its existence to something else
-Possibility of existence: nothing in the universe HAS to exist, but because it does exist,
there must be something necessary that created the unnecessary universe
✔✔Doppler effect - ✔✔The Doppler effect says that if sound is emitted from an object
moving toward you, the sound waves are compressed or shortened. also applies to light
waves
✔✔Oscillating theory - ✔✔the universe will eventually stop expanding and contract back
to a singularity which will then explode and continue a cycle that will forever repeat.
✔✔Design/Telelogical argument - ✔✔When we observe nature, whether on a tiny level
(like cells or proteins) or on a grand scale (like whole organisms or even the universe),
we can see precision and intentionality, a purpose, a plan
✔✔INformation - ✔✔communication between minds
✔✔Critical thinking - ✔✔self-guided, selfdisciplined process which directs individuals to
think correctly about themselves and the world around them. It is an essential method
that guides its adherents toward truth
, ✔✔To be a good critical thinker: - ✔✔Rehearse: You must evaluate the evidence and
"so-called" opinions.
Reflect: You must reflect on the meaning of statements and ideas.
Reason: You must test the reasonableness of statements and ideas.
✔✔Reflection - ✔✔process by which you contemplate the meaning of the statement,
the motive of the statement, and the level of significant impact of the statement.
✔✔3 approaches to making decision - ✔✔Indecision
Passive Decision-Making
Active Decision-Making
✔✔Passive decision making - ✔✔when a person chooses not to evaluate what they see
or hear. They just accept the opinions of others as truth, thus making someone else's
opinion their own without ever applying critical thinking skills
✔✔active decision making - ✔✔Active decision-making is a process of asking the right
questions of yourself and others to come to the best possible conclusion
✔✔Argument - ✔✔an attempt to offer evidence to demonstrate the soundness of an
opinion
✔✔Evidence - ✔✔the basis or cause of a belief. It is a statement of justification and
explanation of a belief or an action. It answers the questions, "Why do you believe...?"
or "Why did you do that?" There are two primary ways evidence is gathered: personal
experience and data gained from an external source.
✔✔Fallacy - ✔✔any error, whether intentional or unintentional, in reasoning
✔✔Ad Hominem - ✔✔"To the man"; seeks to discredit a person's argument by attacking
their personal character, origin, associations, etc., rather than their ideas
✔✔Appeal to authority fallacy - ✔✔when a person appeals to the opinions of an expert
in a field rather than doing their own research. It is assumed that their conclusions are
true based solely on their reputation
✔✔Appeal to ignorance fallacy - ✔✔used when a person claims something is true
simply because it cannot be disproved, or that something is fictitious because it cannot
be proven to be true.
✔✔Bandwagon argument - ✔✔when a person justifies a course of action because
"everyone else is doing it." This argument is often used when peer pressure (fear of
rejection or promise of affection) causes a person to defend their action or inaction.
GRADED A+
✔✔Potential infinities - ✔✔sets of numbers that are continually increasing by adding
another number to the series. For example, seconds on a stopwatch are potentially
infinite. Once the start button is pressed, a set of numbers or moments will be
generated (1, 2, 3, etc.) until the stop button is pressed. If the stop button is never
pressed, the seconds will potentially accrue forever.
✔✔Actual infinities - ✔✔sets of numbers to which no increment can be added since, by
nature of their infiniteness, the set includes all numbers—there is nothing to add. If this
is hard to imagine, there is good reason: actual infinites do not exist and cannot exist in
the physical world. If actual infinites did exist in the physical world, we would see
absurdities and effects we could not live with, literally.
✔✔Time is not infinite which means (potential infinities) - ✔✔Something or someone
had to "Start" the time. Because we have causes now, we must have had a beginning.
✔✔Kalam Argument - ✔✔Form of cosmological argument: says everything in universe
had a beginning and that beginning was caused by an uncaused cause; 1st cause
would require the ability to create
✔✔Thomist argument - ✔✔Thomas Acquainas, demonstrate God's existence through
motion (first cause sets something into motion). -Everything that comes into existence
owes its existence to something else
-Possibility of existence: nothing in the universe HAS to exist, but because it does exist,
there must be something necessary that created the unnecessary universe
✔✔Doppler effect - ✔✔The Doppler effect says that if sound is emitted from an object
moving toward you, the sound waves are compressed or shortened. also applies to light
waves
✔✔Oscillating theory - ✔✔the universe will eventually stop expanding and contract back
to a singularity which will then explode and continue a cycle that will forever repeat.
✔✔Design/Telelogical argument - ✔✔When we observe nature, whether on a tiny level
(like cells or proteins) or on a grand scale (like whole organisms or even the universe),
we can see precision and intentionality, a purpose, a plan
✔✔INformation - ✔✔communication between minds
✔✔Critical thinking - ✔✔self-guided, selfdisciplined process which directs individuals to
think correctly about themselves and the world around them. It is an essential method
that guides its adherents toward truth
, ✔✔To be a good critical thinker: - ✔✔Rehearse: You must evaluate the evidence and
"so-called" opinions.
Reflect: You must reflect on the meaning of statements and ideas.
Reason: You must test the reasonableness of statements and ideas.
✔✔Reflection - ✔✔process by which you contemplate the meaning of the statement,
the motive of the statement, and the level of significant impact of the statement.
✔✔3 approaches to making decision - ✔✔Indecision
Passive Decision-Making
Active Decision-Making
✔✔Passive decision making - ✔✔when a person chooses not to evaluate what they see
or hear. They just accept the opinions of others as truth, thus making someone else's
opinion their own without ever applying critical thinking skills
✔✔active decision making - ✔✔Active decision-making is a process of asking the right
questions of yourself and others to come to the best possible conclusion
✔✔Argument - ✔✔an attempt to offer evidence to demonstrate the soundness of an
opinion
✔✔Evidence - ✔✔the basis or cause of a belief. It is a statement of justification and
explanation of a belief or an action. It answers the questions, "Why do you believe...?"
or "Why did you do that?" There are two primary ways evidence is gathered: personal
experience and data gained from an external source.
✔✔Fallacy - ✔✔any error, whether intentional or unintentional, in reasoning
✔✔Ad Hominem - ✔✔"To the man"; seeks to discredit a person's argument by attacking
their personal character, origin, associations, etc., rather than their ideas
✔✔Appeal to authority fallacy - ✔✔when a person appeals to the opinions of an expert
in a field rather than doing their own research. It is assumed that their conclusions are
true based solely on their reputation
✔✔Appeal to ignorance fallacy - ✔✔used when a person claims something is true
simply because it cannot be disproved, or that something is fictitious because it cannot
be proven to be true.
✔✔Bandwagon argument - ✔✔when a person justifies a course of action because
"everyone else is doing it." This argument is often used when peer pressure (fear of
rejection or promise of affection) causes a person to defend their action or inaction.
