NSG 527 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Feminist and multicultural movements (Relational-Cultural Therapy) - ✔✔Consistent
with feminist and multicultural/social justice theorists, RCT scholar Walker (2002) made
the point that movement toward connection over the course of individuals' lives is made
in relational contexts that have been "raced, engendered, sexualized, and situated
along dimensions of class, physical ability, religion or whatever constructions carry
ontological significance in the culture". The context of relational development across the
life span is inextricably linked to individuals' racial/cultural/social identities.
✔✔Transtheoretical Model of Change and Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔Utilized in
health behavior change research and practice
✔✔Key themes and principles (Transtheoretical Model of Change) - ✔✔◦ TTM focuses
on the thought that individuals move through a series of stages when making any
personal changes
◦ TTM provides a framework to determine a person's readiness for change, then
matching a specific treatment to the patient's state of readiness
✔✔Founders (Transtheoretical Model of Change) - ✔✔Dr. James Prochaska and Dr.
Carlo DiClemente were originators of the transtheoretical model of change, and it was
later revised in 1997 by Prochaska and Velicer
✔✔Founders (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔Developed by Miller & Rollnick (1991)
✔✔Key themes and principles (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔According to Motivational
Interview theory, people do not change because they are afraid to change
✔✔Six Stages of Change - ✔✔1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Termination
✔✔Why people do not change - ✔✔People will change when they are ready, willing,
and able
✔✔Principle of behavioral change (TTM and MI) - ✔✔1. Express Empathy: Refers to
the practitioner making a genuine effort to understand the client's perspective and an
equally genuine effort to convey that understanding to the client. This is an inherent
element of reflective listening. It embodies the spirit of MI. Rogers (1962) "...as I see it is
that the counselor is experiencing an accurate empathic understanding of his client's
private world and is able to communicate some of the significant fragments of that
, understanding." "When the client's world is clear to the counselor...he can also voice
meanings in the client's experience of which the client is scarcely aware..." He referred
to this "highly sensitive" empathy as important for making it possible for a person to get
close to himself and to learn, to change and develop.
2. Develop Discrepancy: This is to listen for or employ strategies that facilitate the
client's identification of discrepant elements of a particular behavior or situation.
Example, values versus behaviors: It is important to the client to be a responsible
parent; the client is having difficulty averting heroin addiction. Discrepancy may result in
the client's experience of ambivalence. Areas of discrepancy may include past versus
present, behaviors versus goals. Evoking change talk is one way to develop
discrepancy.
3. Roll with Resistance -Avoid Argumentation: This refers to the provider's ability to
sidestep or diminish resistance and proceed to connect with the client and move in the
same direction. It also refers to avoiding arguments. Expressing empathy,
understanding why a client has a particular belief might be the intervention. Shifting
focus might be another.
4. Support Self-Efficacy: This is the provider's ability to support the client's hopefulness
that change, or improvement is possible. Identifying and building upon a client's st
✔✔The interactive style of Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔In MI, it is important for the
practitioner to build rapport with clients to encourage desirable behavioral and lifestyle
changes. Using MI, practitioners can more readily uncover health and lifestyle needs of
their clients. This results in building trusting relationships and developing rapport with
clients, which can motivate them to move toward successful and desirable change.
✔✔When not to use Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔not a way to trick people to get them
to do what they do not want to do
✔✔Process (Transtheoretical Model of Change) - ✔✔TTM focuses on the thought that
individuals move through a series of stages when making any personal changes
✔✔Process (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-
centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and
resolving ambivalence.
✔✔Spirit of Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔Motivational Interviewing is a powerful tool.
This tool encourages healthy behavior, but it allows the patient to find this by his or
herself. The ability to change is innate, and the provider helps the individual find that
ability.
Includes collaboration, autonomy, evocation, compassion.
✔✔collaboration (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔One elicits and conveys respect for the
client's ideas, opinions, and autonomy. Collaboration is non-authoritarian, ever present,
supportive and exploratory
ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Feminist and multicultural movements (Relational-Cultural Therapy) - ✔✔Consistent
with feminist and multicultural/social justice theorists, RCT scholar Walker (2002) made
the point that movement toward connection over the course of individuals' lives is made
in relational contexts that have been "raced, engendered, sexualized, and situated
along dimensions of class, physical ability, religion or whatever constructions carry
ontological significance in the culture". The context of relational development across the
life span is inextricably linked to individuals' racial/cultural/social identities.
✔✔Transtheoretical Model of Change and Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔Utilized in
health behavior change research and practice
✔✔Key themes and principles (Transtheoretical Model of Change) - ✔✔◦ TTM focuses
on the thought that individuals move through a series of stages when making any
personal changes
◦ TTM provides a framework to determine a person's readiness for change, then
matching a specific treatment to the patient's state of readiness
✔✔Founders (Transtheoretical Model of Change) - ✔✔Dr. James Prochaska and Dr.
Carlo DiClemente were originators of the transtheoretical model of change, and it was
later revised in 1997 by Prochaska and Velicer
✔✔Founders (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔Developed by Miller & Rollnick (1991)
✔✔Key themes and principles (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔According to Motivational
Interview theory, people do not change because they are afraid to change
✔✔Six Stages of Change - ✔✔1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Termination
✔✔Why people do not change - ✔✔People will change when they are ready, willing,
and able
✔✔Principle of behavioral change (TTM and MI) - ✔✔1. Express Empathy: Refers to
the practitioner making a genuine effort to understand the client's perspective and an
equally genuine effort to convey that understanding to the client. This is an inherent
element of reflective listening. It embodies the spirit of MI. Rogers (1962) "...as I see it is
that the counselor is experiencing an accurate empathic understanding of his client's
private world and is able to communicate some of the significant fragments of that
, understanding." "When the client's world is clear to the counselor...he can also voice
meanings in the client's experience of which the client is scarcely aware..." He referred
to this "highly sensitive" empathy as important for making it possible for a person to get
close to himself and to learn, to change and develop.
2. Develop Discrepancy: This is to listen for or employ strategies that facilitate the
client's identification of discrepant elements of a particular behavior or situation.
Example, values versus behaviors: It is important to the client to be a responsible
parent; the client is having difficulty averting heroin addiction. Discrepancy may result in
the client's experience of ambivalence. Areas of discrepancy may include past versus
present, behaviors versus goals. Evoking change talk is one way to develop
discrepancy.
3. Roll with Resistance -Avoid Argumentation: This refers to the provider's ability to
sidestep or diminish resistance and proceed to connect with the client and move in the
same direction. It also refers to avoiding arguments. Expressing empathy,
understanding why a client has a particular belief might be the intervention. Shifting
focus might be another.
4. Support Self-Efficacy: This is the provider's ability to support the client's hopefulness
that change, or improvement is possible. Identifying and building upon a client's st
✔✔The interactive style of Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔In MI, it is important for the
practitioner to build rapport with clients to encourage desirable behavioral and lifestyle
changes. Using MI, practitioners can more readily uncover health and lifestyle needs of
their clients. This results in building trusting relationships and developing rapport with
clients, which can motivate them to move toward successful and desirable change.
✔✔When not to use Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔not a way to trick people to get them
to do what they do not want to do
✔✔Process (Transtheoretical Model of Change) - ✔✔TTM focuses on the thought that
individuals move through a series of stages when making any personal changes
✔✔Process (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-
centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and
resolving ambivalence.
✔✔Spirit of Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔Motivational Interviewing is a powerful tool.
This tool encourages healthy behavior, but it allows the patient to find this by his or
herself. The ability to change is innate, and the provider helps the individual find that
ability.
Includes collaboration, autonomy, evocation, compassion.
✔✔collaboration (Motivational Interviewing) - ✔✔One elicits and conveys respect for the
client's ideas, opinions, and autonomy. Collaboration is non-authoritarian, ever present,
supportive and exploratory
