WGU D115 PATHO-UNIT 6 RENAL AND
UROLOGIC SYSTEMS QUESTIONS &
VALID COMPLETE SOLUTIONS ALL
PASSED
Autoregulation of renal blood flow - CORRECT ANSWER prevents large changes in
GFR when there are increases/decreases in BP; regulated neural and hormonal
regulation
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - CORRECT ANSWER -decreased blood
pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys to secrete renin which converts
angiotensinogen (inactive) to angiotensin I (active) which is then converted into
angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
-Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
- leads to absorption of Na and increased blood pressure
-once blood pressure is restored, there is a decreased drive to stimulate renin release
glomerular filtration - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of fluid and dilutes across
glomerular capillary membrane into the Bowman space
tubular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWER Movement of fluids and solutes from
tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma
tubular secretion - CORRECT ANSWER Transfer of substances from the plasma of the
peritubular to the tubular lumen, active and passive transport
Excretion - CORRECT ANSWER Elimination of a substance in the final urine
Aging and Renal System - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease: size of kidney, renal blood
flow, GFR, number and size of nephrons
Increase: glucose in urine, urgency, frequency, nocturia
Kidneys are less able to adapt to system changes
Creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER Substance produced by muscle, is measured in
plasma and urine to calculate a commonly used clinical estimate of GFR
, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - CORRECT ANSWER blood test that measures the amount
of urea in the blood. An increased BUN detects an abnormality in renal function. BUN is
also an indicator of hydration status
Common causes of urinary tract obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER Stones, strictures,
congenital compression, tumors, and abdominal inflammation
neurogenic bladder - CORRECT ANSWER a urinary problem caused by interference
with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
obstructive uropathy - CORRECT ANSWER anatomic changes in the urinary system
caused by obstruction
Types of obstructive uropathy - CORRECT ANSWER Upper urinary: kidney stones,
tubulointerstitial fibrosis
Lower urinary tract: neurogenic bladder, overactive/underactive bladder
Anatomic: urethral stricture, prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolapse, partial
obstruction of urethra
Tumors
Highest risk for UTI - CORRECT ANSWER Premature newborns, prepubertal children,
sexually active/pregnant women, women treated with antibiotics that disrupt normal
vaginal flora, spermicide users, estrogen-deficient post menopausal women, individuals
with indwelling catheters, DM, neurogenic bladder, urinary tract obstruction
CAUTI - CORRECT ANSWER catheter associated urinary tract infection
Acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER infection of one or both upper urinary
tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium) usually from E. Coli or proteus or
pseudomonas often spread by ascending uropathic microorganisms along the ureters.
Symptoms usually acute with fever, chills, flank or groin pain and UTI symptoms.
Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER persistent or recurring episodes of acute
pyelonephritis that lead to scarring. UTI symptoms, HTN, renal failure.
patho of glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER glomerulus injured from antigen
antibody complexes -->
precipitates inflammatory process -->
inflammatory mediators damage basement membrane of glomerulus -->
degenerative changes affect all renal tissue
acute glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the capillary loops of
the renal glomeruli, antibodies produced against organism that cross react with
glomerular endothelial cells, activation of compliment, recruitment and activation of
immune cells and mediators
UROLOGIC SYSTEMS QUESTIONS &
VALID COMPLETE SOLUTIONS ALL
PASSED
Autoregulation of renal blood flow - CORRECT ANSWER prevents large changes in
GFR when there are increases/decreases in BP; regulated neural and hormonal
regulation
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - CORRECT ANSWER -decreased blood
pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys to secrete renin which converts
angiotensinogen (inactive) to angiotensin I (active) which is then converted into
angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
-Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
- leads to absorption of Na and increased blood pressure
-once blood pressure is restored, there is a decreased drive to stimulate renin release
glomerular filtration - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of fluid and dilutes across
glomerular capillary membrane into the Bowman space
tubular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWER Movement of fluids and solutes from
tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma
tubular secretion - CORRECT ANSWER Transfer of substances from the plasma of the
peritubular to the tubular lumen, active and passive transport
Excretion - CORRECT ANSWER Elimination of a substance in the final urine
Aging and Renal System - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease: size of kidney, renal blood
flow, GFR, number and size of nephrons
Increase: glucose in urine, urgency, frequency, nocturia
Kidneys are less able to adapt to system changes
Creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER Substance produced by muscle, is measured in
plasma and urine to calculate a commonly used clinical estimate of GFR
, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - CORRECT ANSWER blood test that measures the amount
of urea in the blood. An increased BUN detects an abnormality in renal function. BUN is
also an indicator of hydration status
Common causes of urinary tract obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER Stones, strictures,
congenital compression, tumors, and abdominal inflammation
neurogenic bladder - CORRECT ANSWER a urinary problem caused by interference
with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
obstructive uropathy - CORRECT ANSWER anatomic changes in the urinary system
caused by obstruction
Types of obstructive uropathy - CORRECT ANSWER Upper urinary: kidney stones,
tubulointerstitial fibrosis
Lower urinary tract: neurogenic bladder, overactive/underactive bladder
Anatomic: urethral stricture, prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolapse, partial
obstruction of urethra
Tumors
Highest risk for UTI - CORRECT ANSWER Premature newborns, prepubertal children,
sexually active/pregnant women, women treated with antibiotics that disrupt normal
vaginal flora, spermicide users, estrogen-deficient post menopausal women, individuals
with indwelling catheters, DM, neurogenic bladder, urinary tract obstruction
CAUTI - CORRECT ANSWER catheter associated urinary tract infection
Acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER infection of one or both upper urinary
tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium) usually from E. Coli or proteus or
pseudomonas often spread by ascending uropathic microorganisms along the ureters.
Symptoms usually acute with fever, chills, flank or groin pain and UTI symptoms.
Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER persistent or recurring episodes of acute
pyelonephritis that lead to scarring. UTI symptoms, HTN, renal failure.
patho of glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER glomerulus injured from antigen
antibody complexes -->
precipitates inflammatory process -->
inflammatory mediators damage basement membrane of glomerulus -->
degenerative changes affect all renal tissue
acute glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the capillary loops of
the renal glomeruli, antibodies produced against organism that cross react with
glomerular endothelial cells, activation of compliment, recruitment and activation of
immune cells and mediators
