A&P 1 101 MODULE 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity con-
tains the stomach, in-
testines, spleen and liver
2. True or False? a. True
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T b. True
or F) c. False
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce d. False
ATP. (T or F) e. False
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface
of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject bio-
macromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from anoth-
er cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about
changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. I believe it is the smaller
They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one ap- cell that will breathe at a
pears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which more active rate because
one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at in order for respiration to
a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain occur efficiently and more
why. actively the surface area to
volume ratio is very critical;
also, if the larger surface
area is present then the
diffusion of gases occur
at a higher rate; so, larg-
er cells will have a small-
er surface to volume ratio
and diffusion that will oc-
cur at a slower rate cre-
, ating a less active respi-
ration; and, on the oth-
er hand smaller cells will
have a larger surface area
to volume ratio and an im-
proved diffusion rate, so
the higher rate and more
active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells
need to remain relatively
small because as a cell ex-
pands the amount of sur-
face area relative to the
volume of the cell de-
creases. The smaller cell is
more active because rela-
tive to its volume, its sur-
face area is larger than a
bigger cell. With a larg-
er surface area (relative
to its volume) this allows
the metabolic processes
to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own During swallowing the
words. epiglottis moves inferior-
ly to close off and pre-
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swal- vent aspiration by cover-
lowing. Why? ing the trachea and cre-
ating a passage for liq-
uid, food, or bolus into the
, esophagus; and, prevent-
ing these things from en-
tering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Oropharynx
6. Label the following five items from the diagram: B - Oral Cavity
Label B- ___________ D - Epiglottis
Label D- __________ E - Glottis
Label E- __________ F - Trachea
Label F- __________ G - Esophagus
Label G- __________
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the Primary bronchi, sec-
bronchial tree are: ondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia Hypergastrinemia leads to
(excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gas- excess secretion of the
tric/stomach ulcers. gastrin hormone, which
induces excess secretion
of hydrochloric acid in the
stomach; and, the excess
acid then acts as a protec-
tive mucousa layer caus-
ing disruption that can
lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the se-
cretions of pepsinogens
, and hydrochloric acid. Ex-
cess amounts would lead
to erosion of the stomach
lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the follow- 3. Stomach
ing 5 organs of the digestive system. 4. Gallbladder
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the 7. Jejunum
specific region. 9. Appendix
3: ___________ 10. Rectum
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
10. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own Parietal and chief cells are
words. located in the stomach
Answer the following essay question: wall and they secrete gas-
tric juices and mucous, se-
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their loca- crete hormones that regu-
tion, secretions and purposes. late digestive activity; also,
parietal cells produce HCl
in the stomach; and, chief
cells secrete te enzymes
pepsinogen, rennin, and
gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (locat-
ed in the wall of the
stomach body) secrete hy-
drochloric acid, generat-
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity con-
tains the stomach, in-
testines, spleen and liver
2. True or False? a. True
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T b. True
or F) c. False
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce d. False
ATP. (T or F) e. False
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface
of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject bio-
macromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from anoth-
er cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about
changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. I believe it is the smaller
They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one ap- cell that will breathe at a
pears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which more active rate because
one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at in order for respiration to
a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain occur efficiently and more
why. actively the surface area to
volume ratio is very critical;
also, if the larger surface
area is present then the
diffusion of gases occur
at a higher rate; so, larg-
er cells will have a small-
er surface to volume ratio
and diffusion that will oc-
cur at a slower rate cre-
, ating a less active respi-
ration; and, on the oth-
er hand smaller cells will
have a larger surface area
to volume ratio and an im-
proved diffusion rate, so
the higher rate and more
active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells
need to remain relatively
small because as a cell ex-
pands the amount of sur-
face area relative to the
volume of the cell de-
creases. The smaller cell is
more active because rela-
tive to its volume, its sur-
face area is larger than a
bigger cell. With a larg-
er surface area (relative
to its volume) this allows
the metabolic processes
to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own During swallowing the
words. epiglottis moves inferior-
ly to close off and pre-
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swal- vent aspiration by cover-
lowing. Why? ing the trachea and cre-
ating a passage for liq-
uid, food, or bolus into the
, esophagus; and, prevent-
ing these things from en-
tering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Oropharynx
6. Label the following five items from the diagram: B - Oral Cavity
Label B- ___________ D - Epiglottis
Label D- __________ E - Glottis
Label E- __________ F - Trachea
Label F- __________ G - Esophagus
Label G- __________
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the Primary bronchi, sec-
bronchial tree are: ondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia Hypergastrinemia leads to
(excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gas- excess secretion of the
tric/stomach ulcers. gastrin hormone, which
induces excess secretion
of hydrochloric acid in the
stomach; and, the excess
acid then acts as a protec-
tive mucousa layer caus-
ing disruption that can
lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the se-
cretions of pepsinogens
, and hydrochloric acid. Ex-
cess amounts would lead
to erosion of the stomach
lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the follow- 3. Stomach
ing 5 organs of the digestive system. 4. Gallbladder
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the 7. Jejunum
specific region. 9. Appendix
3: ___________ 10. Rectum
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
10. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own Parietal and chief cells are
words. located in the stomach
Answer the following essay question: wall and they secrete gas-
tric juices and mucous, se-
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their loca- crete hormones that regu-
tion, secretions and purposes. late digestive activity; also,
parietal cells produce HCl
in the stomach; and, chief
cells secrete te enzymes
pepsinogen, rennin, and
gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (locat-
ed in the wall of the
stomach body) secrete hy-
drochloric acid, generat-
