COMD 4500 EXAM 3 LATEST
What the SLP can and cannot diagnose
Cannot diagnose a medical problem, you can only diagnose a speech
problem
Ex: you couldnt diagnose Parkinson's but you could diagnose dysphasia
Input signals to neurons
A neuron sending a signal (i.e., a presynaptic neuron) releases a
chemical called a neurotransmitter, which binds to a receptor on the
surface of the receiving (i.e., postsynaptic) neuron. Neurotransmitters
are released from presynaptic terminals, which may branch to
communicate with several postsynaptic neurons.
-excitatory input means that it's going to bring the cell away from its
negative resting state and closer to its threshold, making it more likely to
fire. So this is rather like it receiving some votes to say go ahead and
fire. An inhibitory signal is going to make it more negative or take it
further away from its threshold, making it less likely to fire. So that
means the incoming signal is like a no vote, encouraging it not to fire.
frontal lobe function
voluntary movement, cognition
occipital lobe function
vision
parietal lobe function
sense of taste, touch, movement
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, COMD 4500 EXAM 3 LATEST
temporal lobe function
hearing & memory processes
Cranial nerve basics (where cell body located, the target they attach
to)
• 12 pairs
• some sensory only - e.g., olfactory
• some sensory and motor - e.g., facial
• some motor only - e.g., hypoglossal all originate from the brain
Upper motor neuron
• not an anatomic description, but a role in a hierarchy
• central nervous system - both origin and destination
• both direct and indirect pathways
• complex inter-connections• originating, planning, refining movements
lower motor nueron
• peripheral motor nerves
• origin in the brainstem or spinal cord
• destination: the neuromuscular junction
• input from several sources: direct, indirect, reflexive pathways
• a.k.a. final common pathway
corticospinal tract
it originates in the cortex and goes to the spinal cord. It allows us to have
volitional control of the muscles of the abdomen and thorax, as well as
the arms and the legs.
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, COMD 4500 EXAM 3 LATEST
corticobulbar tract
originates in the cortex and goes to the nuclei of the cranial nerves. So
this is the pathway you would use if you wanted to open up close your
mouth or stick out your tongue or cause your voice to start or stop, or do
any form of articulation.
cerebral angiography
- uses x-ray images
- catheter into right femoral artery
- passed via aorta to carotid
- radio-opaque dye injected
- frontal and lateral views
- images taken during, after injection
- arteries, then veins visible
angiography advantages
- available in most hospitals
- reveals speed of circulation
- shows occlusions, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)
- allows inferences about tissue
- tumors may displace vessels
- tumors can have large, irregular vessels
angiography risks
- an invasive procedure
- bleeding at artery puncture
- stroke (1 in 200)
END OF
PAGE
3
What the SLP can and cannot diagnose
Cannot diagnose a medical problem, you can only diagnose a speech
problem
Ex: you couldnt diagnose Parkinson's but you could diagnose dysphasia
Input signals to neurons
A neuron sending a signal (i.e., a presynaptic neuron) releases a
chemical called a neurotransmitter, which binds to a receptor on the
surface of the receiving (i.e., postsynaptic) neuron. Neurotransmitters
are released from presynaptic terminals, which may branch to
communicate with several postsynaptic neurons.
-excitatory input means that it's going to bring the cell away from its
negative resting state and closer to its threshold, making it more likely to
fire. So this is rather like it receiving some votes to say go ahead and
fire. An inhibitory signal is going to make it more negative or take it
further away from its threshold, making it less likely to fire. So that
means the incoming signal is like a no vote, encouraging it not to fire.
frontal lobe function
voluntary movement, cognition
occipital lobe function
vision
parietal lobe function
sense of taste, touch, movement
END OF
PAGE
1
, COMD 4500 EXAM 3 LATEST
temporal lobe function
hearing & memory processes
Cranial nerve basics (where cell body located, the target they attach
to)
• 12 pairs
• some sensory only - e.g., olfactory
• some sensory and motor - e.g., facial
• some motor only - e.g., hypoglossal all originate from the brain
Upper motor neuron
• not an anatomic description, but a role in a hierarchy
• central nervous system - both origin and destination
• both direct and indirect pathways
• complex inter-connections• originating, planning, refining movements
lower motor nueron
• peripheral motor nerves
• origin in the brainstem or spinal cord
• destination: the neuromuscular junction
• input from several sources: direct, indirect, reflexive pathways
• a.k.a. final common pathway
corticospinal tract
it originates in the cortex and goes to the spinal cord. It allows us to have
volitional control of the muscles of the abdomen and thorax, as well as
the arms and the legs.
END OF
PAGE
2
, COMD 4500 EXAM 3 LATEST
corticobulbar tract
originates in the cortex and goes to the nuclei of the cranial nerves. So
this is the pathway you would use if you wanted to open up close your
mouth or stick out your tongue or cause your voice to start or stop, or do
any form of articulation.
cerebral angiography
- uses x-ray images
- catheter into right femoral artery
- passed via aorta to carotid
- radio-opaque dye injected
- frontal and lateral views
- images taken during, after injection
- arteries, then veins visible
angiography advantages
- available in most hospitals
- reveals speed of circulation
- shows occlusions, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)
- allows inferences about tissue
- tumors may displace vessels
- tumors can have large, irregular vessels
angiography risks
- an invasive procedure
- bleeding at artery puncture
- stroke (1 in 200)
END OF
PAGE
3
