Anatomy and physiology - OCR A Level PE - Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f70ye8
1. What is aerobic capacity: The ability of the body to inspires, transport and utilise oxygen to perform
sustained periods of aerobic activity
2. What are the implications of recovery on training
Nutrition: Correct pre, during and post-event nutrition can help maximise fuel stores, delay fatigue, reduce lactic
acid accumulation and speed up recovery
3. What is VO2 max: VO2 max is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the muscles
per minute.
4. What 4 factors affect VO2 max: 1. Physiological makeup
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Training
5. How does physiological makeup affect VO2 max: The greater the efficiency of body systems
to transport and utilise O2, the higher the VO2 max
This can be determined by genetics
This is due to
- Stronger respiratory muscles
- A larger heart
- SV
-Q
- An increased number of RBC's
- Capillaries
- Slow oxidative muscle fibres (= higher VO2 max)
6. How does age affect VO2 max: From age 20, VO2 max drops by 1% each year
Efficiency is lost in the elasticity of the heart, blood vessels and lung tissue, this results in a lower VO2 max
7. How does gender affect VO2 max: Females VO2 max is generally lower than males VO2 max
This is because females generally have a higher % of body fat, smaller lung volumes and lower haemonglobin levels,
resulting in a lower VO2 max
, Anatomy and physiology - OCR A Level PE - Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f70ye8
8. How does training affect VO2 max: Aerobic training increases VO2 max by up to 20%
Aerobic traing causes long-term adaptations to the heart, lungs and blood, resulting in a higher VO2 max
9. What are the 4 methods of evaluating VO2 max: 1. Direct gas analysis
2. Cooper 12-minute run
3. NCF multi-stage fitness test
4. Queens college step test
10. What is direct gas analysis: Expired air is captured, results are graphed and a calculation is used
11. What are the advantages of direct gas analysis: - Direct measurement
- Accurate and reliable
- Applicable for many exercises/sports (running, cycling, rowing)
12. What are the disadvantages of direct gas analysis: - Maximal test to exhaustion
- Not suitable for the elderly/those with health problems
- Specialist equipment required
13. What is the Cooper 12-minute run: Run as far as possible in 12 minutes, calculation is used
14. What are the advantages of the Cooper 12-minute run: - Good for large groups
- Simple/cheap
- Can test yourself
15. What are the disadvantages of the Cooper 12-minute run: - Only a prediction
- Result affected by subject motivation
- Not sport specific
- Not suitable for elderly/those with health problems
16. What is the NCF multi-stage fitness test: 20m progressive shuttle run
Results compared to a standardised table
17. What is the Queens College step test: Stepping on and off a box for 3 minutes
HR recovery used to predict results
18. What are the disadvantages of the NCF multi-stage fitness test: - Only a prediction
- Result affected by subject motivation
- Not sport specific
- Not suitable for elderly/those with health problems
, Anatomy and physiology - OCR A Level PE - Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f70ye8
19. What are the advantages of the NCF multi-stage fitness test: - Good for large groups
- Simple/cheap
- Published table of VO2 max equivalents
20. What are the advantages of the Queens College step test: - Sub-maximal test
- Simple/cheap
- HR easily monitored
- Published table of data and simple VO2 max calculations
21. What are the disadvantages of the Queens College step test: - Only a prediction
- HR recovery affected by lots of factors (food, fluids, prior exercise)
- Not sport specific
- Shorter subjects at a disadvantage
22. How does exercise affect breathing rate (f): It increases in proportion to exercise intensity
Up to a maximum of 50-60 breaths per minute
23. How does exercise affect tidal volume (TV): Increases initially in proportion to exercise intensity
at sub-maximal intensities up to approx 3 litres
24. How does exercise affect minute ventilation (VE): Increases in line with exercise intensity
During sustained sub-maximal intensity exercise, VE can plateau as we reach a comfortable steady state
25. What is the maximal, untrained value for breathing rate (f): 40-50 breaths per minute
26. What is the maximal, trained value for breathing rate (f): 50-60 breaths per minute
27. What is the maximal, untrained value for tidal volume (TV): 2.5 - 3 litres
28. What is the maximal, trained value for tidal volume (TV): 3 - 3.5 litres
29. What is the maximal, untrained value for minute ventilation (VE): 100 - 150 l/min
30. What is the maximal, trained value for minute ventilation (VE): 160 - 210 l/min
31. What are the mechanics of inspiration during exercise: Active process
The external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract more
The sternocleidomastoid lifts the sternum
The scalene and pectoralis minor contractand lift the ribs more
This causes an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity
This creates a larger concentration gradient between inside the lungs and outside the body
This means more air enters the lungs more easily
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f70ye8
1. What is aerobic capacity: The ability of the body to inspires, transport and utilise oxygen to perform
sustained periods of aerobic activity
2. What are the implications of recovery on training
Nutrition: Correct pre, during and post-event nutrition can help maximise fuel stores, delay fatigue, reduce lactic
acid accumulation and speed up recovery
3. What is VO2 max: VO2 max is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the muscles
per minute.
4. What 4 factors affect VO2 max: 1. Physiological makeup
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Training
5. How does physiological makeup affect VO2 max: The greater the efficiency of body systems
to transport and utilise O2, the higher the VO2 max
This can be determined by genetics
This is due to
- Stronger respiratory muscles
- A larger heart
- SV
-Q
- An increased number of RBC's
- Capillaries
- Slow oxidative muscle fibres (= higher VO2 max)
6. How does age affect VO2 max: From age 20, VO2 max drops by 1% each year
Efficiency is lost in the elasticity of the heart, blood vessels and lung tissue, this results in a lower VO2 max
7. How does gender affect VO2 max: Females VO2 max is generally lower than males VO2 max
This is because females generally have a higher % of body fat, smaller lung volumes and lower haemonglobin levels,
resulting in a lower VO2 max
, Anatomy and physiology - OCR A Level PE - Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f70ye8
8. How does training affect VO2 max: Aerobic training increases VO2 max by up to 20%
Aerobic traing causes long-term adaptations to the heart, lungs and blood, resulting in a higher VO2 max
9. What are the 4 methods of evaluating VO2 max: 1. Direct gas analysis
2. Cooper 12-minute run
3. NCF multi-stage fitness test
4. Queens college step test
10. What is direct gas analysis: Expired air is captured, results are graphed and a calculation is used
11. What are the advantages of direct gas analysis: - Direct measurement
- Accurate and reliable
- Applicable for many exercises/sports (running, cycling, rowing)
12. What are the disadvantages of direct gas analysis: - Maximal test to exhaustion
- Not suitable for the elderly/those with health problems
- Specialist equipment required
13. What is the Cooper 12-minute run: Run as far as possible in 12 minutes, calculation is used
14. What are the advantages of the Cooper 12-minute run: - Good for large groups
- Simple/cheap
- Can test yourself
15. What are the disadvantages of the Cooper 12-minute run: - Only a prediction
- Result affected by subject motivation
- Not sport specific
- Not suitable for elderly/those with health problems
16. What is the NCF multi-stage fitness test: 20m progressive shuttle run
Results compared to a standardised table
17. What is the Queens College step test: Stepping on and off a box for 3 minutes
HR recovery used to predict results
18. What are the disadvantages of the NCF multi-stage fitness test: - Only a prediction
- Result affected by subject motivation
- Not sport specific
- Not suitable for elderly/those with health problems
, Anatomy and physiology - OCR A Level PE - Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f70ye8
19. What are the advantages of the NCF multi-stage fitness test: - Good for large groups
- Simple/cheap
- Published table of VO2 max equivalents
20. What are the advantages of the Queens College step test: - Sub-maximal test
- Simple/cheap
- HR easily monitored
- Published table of data and simple VO2 max calculations
21. What are the disadvantages of the Queens College step test: - Only a prediction
- HR recovery affected by lots of factors (food, fluids, prior exercise)
- Not sport specific
- Shorter subjects at a disadvantage
22. How does exercise affect breathing rate (f): It increases in proportion to exercise intensity
Up to a maximum of 50-60 breaths per minute
23. How does exercise affect tidal volume (TV): Increases initially in proportion to exercise intensity
at sub-maximal intensities up to approx 3 litres
24. How does exercise affect minute ventilation (VE): Increases in line with exercise intensity
During sustained sub-maximal intensity exercise, VE can plateau as we reach a comfortable steady state
25. What is the maximal, untrained value for breathing rate (f): 40-50 breaths per minute
26. What is the maximal, trained value for breathing rate (f): 50-60 breaths per minute
27. What is the maximal, untrained value for tidal volume (TV): 2.5 - 3 litres
28. What is the maximal, trained value for tidal volume (TV): 3 - 3.5 litres
29. What is the maximal, untrained value for minute ventilation (VE): 100 - 150 l/min
30. What is the maximal, trained value for minute ventilation (VE): 160 - 210 l/min
31. What are the mechanics of inspiration during exercise: Active process
The external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract more
The sternocleidomastoid lifts the sternum
The scalene and pectoralis minor contractand lift the ribs more
This causes an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity
This creates a larger concentration gradient between inside the lungs and outside the body
This means more air enters the lungs more easily
