WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT TEST EXAM 2026

WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT TEST EXAM 2026 Describe how your body responds to an infection. - -T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies. Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - -Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - -Alterations of DNA Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. - -(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias. Explain RAAS - -Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin > produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained. DKA - -increased anion gap, decreased HCO3 How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - -retain H and excrete HCO3 Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - -Potassium West Nile Virus - -Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck Lyme disease - -Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema infectiosum - -a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease" Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - -Spina bifida Trousseau's sign - -arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia Cause and sign of spina bifida - -results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back. WGU D236 WGU D236 Hemophilia is more common in - -males Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - -ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - -Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia Describe Lupus - -Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash Describe Myasthenia Gravis - -It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing. DERMATITIS - -inflammation of the skin Eczema - -noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching Decubitus ulcer - -sore caused by lying down for long periods of time Fungal infections - -superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores may or may not be transmitted benign neoplasm - -noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders malignant neoplasm - -uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads Osteoporosis - -The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured. osteomalacia - -disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency myoglobin - -red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells Bursa - -fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another Rickets - -a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones Degenerative disk disease - -A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging WGU D236 WGU D236 Paget disease - -Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull communiuted fracture - -splintered into many pieces Three types of skin cancer - -1. Basal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma 3. Melanoma basal cell carcinoma - -Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure Squamous cell carcinoma - -Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules. Melanoma - -The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion Consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - -impaired immunity Types of burns - -Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain Viltigo - -localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches Ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - -ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood Subdural hematoma - -collection of blood under the dura mater Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - -Alz - affects language and memory Park - affects all executive functioning Huntington's disease - -Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement Sclerosis - -abnormal condition of hardening Disorders that cause vision loss - -glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flas