PHYS 261 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
TEST 2026 EXAM STUDY SHEET ALREADY
PASSED
◍ from a high area to a low area. Ans: In which direction does air
flow due to pressure differences?
◍ Gas exchange that occurs between the aleveoli and RBCs, and
between the RBCs and tissue. Ans: What is internal respiration?
◍ air movement between the lungs and the atmosphere. Ans: What is
external respiration?
◍ when air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs. Ans: What is
inhalation?
◍ when air moves from the lungs into the atmosphere. Ans: What is
exhalation?
◍ that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Ans: What is
Boyle's Law?
◍ 760 mmHg. Ans: What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
,◍ pressure inside the lungs. Ans: What is intrapulmonary pressure?
◍ volume inside the lungs. Ans: What is intrapulmonary volume?
◍ 760mmHg. Ans: What is the atmospheric pressure and
intrapulmonary pressure when you are at rest?(neither inhaling or
exhaling)
◍ 400ml air. Ans: What is the lung volume during rest?
◍ lower. Ans: For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher
or lower than the atmospheric pressure?
◍ -blood O2 levels are low, while CO2 is high
-chemoreceptors get stimulated
-chemoreceptors stimulate medulla(respiratory center)
-medulla stimulates the phrenic nerve
-phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and respiratory muscles
-diaphragm and muscles move down and outward
-negative pressure created inside the lungs
-thoracic veins drain blood into the lungs
-increase in intrapulmonary volume
-decrease in intrapulmonary pressure by 4mmHg= 756mmHg
-air enters lungs. Ans: What are the steps of inspiration?
, ◍ Central receptors
-located near the medulla
-detect hydrogen concentration in CSF and by detecting hydrogen, it
can tell if CO2 has increased
Peripheral receptors
-found in carotid artery and aortic bodies
-detects a decrease in O2 levels, and if decreased, it stimulates the
medulla. Ans: What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors and their
functions?
◍ -inhalation caused the lungs to be filled with air
-stimulates stretch receptors within the medulla
-medulla inhibits the phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and respiratory muscles no longer stimulated by phrenic
nerve
-diaphragm and muscles relax
-diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward
-lungs recoil properly
-blood is pushed out of the lungs
-decrease in intrapulmonary volume
-increase in intrapulmonary pressure by 8mmHg= 764mmHg
-air leaves lungs. Ans: What are the steps of expiration?
◍ a- tidal volume(TV): a normal breath
TEST 2026 EXAM STUDY SHEET ALREADY
PASSED
◍ from a high area to a low area. Ans: In which direction does air
flow due to pressure differences?
◍ Gas exchange that occurs between the aleveoli and RBCs, and
between the RBCs and tissue. Ans: What is internal respiration?
◍ air movement between the lungs and the atmosphere. Ans: What is
external respiration?
◍ when air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs. Ans: What is
inhalation?
◍ when air moves from the lungs into the atmosphere. Ans: What is
exhalation?
◍ that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Ans: What is
Boyle's Law?
◍ 760 mmHg. Ans: What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
,◍ pressure inside the lungs. Ans: What is intrapulmonary pressure?
◍ volume inside the lungs. Ans: What is intrapulmonary volume?
◍ 760mmHg. Ans: What is the atmospheric pressure and
intrapulmonary pressure when you are at rest?(neither inhaling or
exhaling)
◍ 400ml air. Ans: What is the lung volume during rest?
◍ lower. Ans: For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher
or lower than the atmospheric pressure?
◍ -blood O2 levels are low, while CO2 is high
-chemoreceptors get stimulated
-chemoreceptors stimulate medulla(respiratory center)
-medulla stimulates the phrenic nerve
-phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and respiratory muscles
-diaphragm and muscles move down and outward
-negative pressure created inside the lungs
-thoracic veins drain blood into the lungs
-increase in intrapulmonary volume
-decrease in intrapulmonary pressure by 4mmHg= 756mmHg
-air enters lungs. Ans: What are the steps of inspiration?
, ◍ Central receptors
-located near the medulla
-detect hydrogen concentration in CSF and by detecting hydrogen, it
can tell if CO2 has increased
Peripheral receptors
-found in carotid artery and aortic bodies
-detects a decrease in O2 levels, and if decreased, it stimulates the
medulla. Ans: What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors and their
functions?
◍ -inhalation caused the lungs to be filled with air
-stimulates stretch receptors within the medulla
-medulla inhibits the phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and respiratory muscles no longer stimulated by phrenic
nerve
-diaphragm and muscles relax
-diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward
-lungs recoil properly
-blood is pushed out of the lungs
-decrease in intrapulmonary volume
-increase in intrapulmonary pressure by 8mmHg= 764mmHg
-air leaves lungs. Ans: What are the steps of expiration?
◍ a- tidal volume(TV): a normal breath
