NURS 401
NURS 401- Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Correct 2026 Graded A+
cardiac catheterization
most definitive and most invasive test- includes studies of the right and left side of
the heart and the coronary arteries
indication for cardiac cath
confirm suspected heart disease, determine location and extent of disease,
determine best therapeutic option, evaluate effects of treatment
patient prep for cardiac cath
assess anxiety and fear, hydration pre and post helps minimize contrast induce
renal toxicity, assess iodine allergy, supine position
post cardiac cath care
o bedrest (2-6hr) and keep insertion site extremity straight, VS q15min for 1hr then
q30min for 2hr then q4hr, assess insertion site for bleeding or hematoma,
peripheral pulses, IV fluids
S/S of cardiac ischemic (post cardiac cath)
chest pain, dysrhythmias, bleeding, hematoma formation, or dramatic change in
peripheral pulses = call the rapid response team, remain with patient, perform 12
lead ECG
hematoma post cardiac cath
hold steady, firm pressure to the access site and call the rapid response team
stroke post cardiac cath
neuro changes- visual disturbances, slurred speech, swallowing difficulties, and
extremity weakness
cardiac cath complications
NURS 401
,NURS 401
MI, stroke, arterial bleeding, thromboembolism, lethal dysrhythmias, arterial
dissection, death
goal of hemodynamic monitoring
maintain adequate tissue perfusion
hemodynamic monitoring
pulmonary artery catheter- inflate balloon, pressure reading when the artery is
blocked, do not forget to deflate balloon; measures information on the LV
invasive hemodynamics
provides quantitative information about vascular capacity, BV, pump effectiveness,
and tissue perfusion
diastole
amount of pressure/force against the arterial walls during relaxation phase of the
heart
systole
amount of pressure/force generated by the LV to distribute blood into the aorta
with each contraction of the heart
flow of blood through heart
Inferior and superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, pulmonary artery,
lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta
heart valves
prevent back flow of blood- tricuspid, pulmonic, bicuspid, aortic
MI in females
less likely to experience chest pain, discomfort or indigestion, chronic fatigue,
inability to catch their breath
normal CV findings
S1 and S2
NURS 401
, NURS 401
abnormal CV findings
poor cardiac output and decreased cerebral perfusion may cause confusion,
memory loss, and slowed verbal responses- cyanosis, pallor, clubbing,
hypertension, postural hypotension, JVD, bruits
S/S of chronic HF
malnourished, thin, cachectic
S/S of late severe right sided HF
ascites, jaundice, generalized edema
P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
T wave
ventricular repolarization
U wave
if present, slow depolarization of purkinjie fibers
PR interval
0.12-0.2
ST segment
early ventricular repolarization
QRS duration
0.04-0.12
normal sinus rhythm
rate 60-100, regular, P waves present and consistent, normal PR interval and QRS
duration
NURS 401
NURS 401- Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Correct 2026 Graded A+
cardiac catheterization
most definitive and most invasive test- includes studies of the right and left side of
the heart and the coronary arteries
indication for cardiac cath
confirm suspected heart disease, determine location and extent of disease,
determine best therapeutic option, evaluate effects of treatment
patient prep for cardiac cath
assess anxiety and fear, hydration pre and post helps minimize contrast induce
renal toxicity, assess iodine allergy, supine position
post cardiac cath care
o bedrest (2-6hr) and keep insertion site extremity straight, VS q15min for 1hr then
q30min for 2hr then q4hr, assess insertion site for bleeding or hematoma,
peripheral pulses, IV fluids
S/S of cardiac ischemic (post cardiac cath)
chest pain, dysrhythmias, bleeding, hematoma formation, or dramatic change in
peripheral pulses = call the rapid response team, remain with patient, perform 12
lead ECG
hematoma post cardiac cath
hold steady, firm pressure to the access site and call the rapid response team
stroke post cardiac cath
neuro changes- visual disturbances, slurred speech, swallowing difficulties, and
extremity weakness
cardiac cath complications
NURS 401
,NURS 401
MI, stroke, arterial bleeding, thromboembolism, lethal dysrhythmias, arterial
dissection, death
goal of hemodynamic monitoring
maintain adequate tissue perfusion
hemodynamic monitoring
pulmonary artery catheter- inflate balloon, pressure reading when the artery is
blocked, do not forget to deflate balloon; measures information on the LV
invasive hemodynamics
provides quantitative information about vascular capacity, BV, pump effectiveness,
and tissue perfusion
diastole
amount of pressure/force against the arterial walls during relaxation phase of the
heart
systole
amount of pressure/force generated by the LV to distribute blood into the aorta
with each contraction of the heart
flow of blood through heart
Inferior and superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, pulmonary artery,
lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta
heart valves
prevent back flow of blood- tricuspid, pulmonic, bicuspid, aortic
MI in females
less likely to experience chest pain, discomfort or indigestion, chronic fatigue,
inability to catch their breath
normal CV findings
S1 and S2
NURS 401
, NURS 401
abnormal CV findings
poor cardiac output and decreased cerebral perfusion may cause confusion,
memory loss, and slowed verbal responses- cyanosis, pallor, clubbing,
hypertension, postural hypotension, JVD, bruits
S/S of chronic HF
malnourished, thin, cachectic
S/S of late severe right sided HF
ascites, jaundice, generalized edema
P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
T wave
ventricular repolarization
U wave
if present, slow depolarization of purkinjie fibers
PR interval
0.12-0.2
ST segment
early ventricular repolarization
QRS duration
0.04-0.12
normal sinus rhythm
rate 60-100, regular, P waves present and consistent, normal PR interval and QRS
duration
NURS 401
