,BIOL 235 Midterm 1 Exam Study Guide (2026/2027)
Comprehensive Review with 100 Questions and Verified Answers
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body
1. What is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
called?
A. Physiology
B. Homeostasis
C. Anatomy ✓
D. Pathology
2. Which term describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions?
A. Metabolism
B. Homeostasis ✓
C. Positive feedback
D. Differentiation
3. Which directional term describes a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk?
A. Distal
B. Lateral
C. Proximal ✓
D. Superficial
4. The pleural cavity surrounds which organ?
A. Heart
B. Liver
C. Lungs ✓
D. Brain
5. Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
A. Sagittal
B. Transverse
C. Frontal (coronal) ✓
D. Oblique
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
,6. What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Covalent bond ✓
D. Van der Waals force
7. Which pH value represents a neutral solution?
A. 0.0
B. 7.0 ✓
C. 7.4
D. 14.0
8. What is the primary function of a buffer system?
A. Increase pH
B. Decrease pH
C. Resist pH changes ✓
D. Catalyze reactions
9. Which polysaccharide is the primary energy storage molecule in animals?
A. Cellulose
B. Glycogen ✓
C. Starch
D. Chitin
10. What type of reaction breaks down large molecules into smaller ones with water?
A. Dehydration synthesis
B. Hydrolysis ✓
C. Exchange reaction
D. Oxidation
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
11. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes ✓
D. Lysosomes
, 12. What is the primary component of the plasma membrane?
A. Nucleic acids
B. Phospholipid bilayer ✓
C. Carbohydrate chains
D. Cholesterol only
13. Which transport mechanism requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their
concentration gradient?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport ✓
14. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the equatorial plate?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase ✓
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
15. What is the term for programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis ✓
C. Mitosis
D. Cytokinesis
Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
16. Which tissue type forms linings and coverings of body surfaces?
A. Connective tissue
B. Muscle tissue
C. Nervous tissue
D. Epithelial tissue ✓
17. What type of epithelial tissue appears layered but all cells contact the basement
membrane?
A. Simple squamous
B. Stratified squamous
C. Pseudostratified columnar ✓
D. Transitional
Comprehensive Review with 100 Questions and Verified Answers
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body
1. What is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
called?
A. Physiology
B. Homeostasis
C. Anatomy ✓
D. Pathology
2. Which term describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions?
A. Metabolism
B. Homeostasis ✓
C. Positive feedback
D. Differentiation
3. Which directional term describes a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk?
A. Distal
B. Lateral
C. Proximal ✓
D. Superficial
4. The pleural cavity surrounds which organ?
A. Heart
B. Liver
C. Lungs ✓
D. Brain
5. Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
A. Sagittal
B. Transverse
C. Frontal (coronal) ✓
D. Oblique
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
,6. What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Covalent bond ✓
D. Van der Waals force
7. Which pH value represents a neutral solution?
A. 0.0
B. 7.0 ✓
C. 7.4
D. 14.0
8. What is the primary function of a buffer system?
A. Increase pH
B. Decrease pH
C. Resist pH changes ✓
D. Catalyze reactions
9. Which polysaccharide is the primary energy storage molecule in animals?
A. Cellulose
B. Glycogen ✓
C. Starch
D. Chitin
10. What type of reaction breaks down large molecules into smaller ones with water?
A. Dehydration synthesis
B. Hydrolysis ✓
C. Exchange reaction
D. Oxidation
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
11. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes ✓
D. Lysosomes
, 12. What is the primary component of the plasma membrane?
A. Nucleic acids
B. Phospholipid bilayer ✓
C. Carbohydrate chains
D. Cholesterol only
13. Which transport mechanism requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their
concentration gradient?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport ✓
14. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the equatorial plate?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase ✓
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
15. What is the term for programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis ✓
C. Mitosis
D. Cytokinesis
Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
16. Which tissue type forms linings and coverings of body surfaces?
A. Connective tissue
B. Muscle tissue
C. Nervous tissue
D. Epithelial tissue ✓
17. What type of epithelial tissue appears layered but all cells contact the basement
membrane?
A. Simple squamous
B. Stratified squamous
C. Pseudostratified columnar ✓
D. Transitional
