Final Exam A&P 2 (Bio 252) Study Guide –
Complete Review 2026
What are the two components of a nephron? - ANSWER ✨✔---1. Renal corpuscle
2. Renal tubule
What is the function of the renal corpuscle? - ANSWER ✨✔---Renal corpuscle filters blood plasma
What is the function of the renal tubule? - ANSWER ✨✔---Renal tubule refines the filtered fluid
(filtrate) into urine
Identify the components of a nephron and their functions. - ANSWER ✨✔---Renal corpuscle: filters
blood plasma Renal tubule: refines the filtered fluid (filtrate) into urine
Identify the components of the renal tubule. - ANSWER ✨✔---Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT),
Nephron loop (loop of Henle), Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Identify the cells that produce insulin. - ANSWER ✨✔---Beta cells or B cells of the pancreatic islets
Identify the cells that produce calcitonin. - ANSWER ✨✔---parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
Identify the stimulus for release of insulin. - ANSWER ✨✔---high blood glucose levels
(hyperglycemia)
, Identify the cells that produce glucagon. - ANSWER ✨✔---alpha cells (A cells) of the pancreatic
islets
Identify the stimulus for release of glucagon. - ANSWER ✨✔---Low blood glucose levels
(hypoglycemia)
Identify the enzyme that is involved in the pathways of external and internal respiration and the
reaction that it catalyzes - ANSWER ✨✔---carbonic anhydrase and it catalyzes the conversion of
carbon dioxide into carbonic acid
Identify the methods of carbon dioxide transwerport within blood - ANSWER ✨✔---1. Dissolved
carbon dioxide 2. carbamino compounds 3. bicarbonate ions
Identify the methods of oxygen transwerport within blood. - ANSWER ✨✔---1. dissolved oxygen 2.
oxyhemoglobin
Define hypoxia - ANSWER ✨✔---a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level
Define hypocapnia - ANSWER ✨✔---deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
Define hypercapnia - ANSWER ✨✔---elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
Identify a potential causes of an elevated basophil count. - ANSWER ✨✔---Basophils elevate
during allergic reactions
Identify the structure that fails to function properly when a person chokes. - ANSWER ✨✔---
epiglottis
Identify the structure that fails to function properly during the clinical condition of gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD). - ANSWER ✨✔---lower esophageal sphincter
Complete Review 2026
What are the two components of a nephron? - ANSWER ✨✔---1. Renal corpuscle
2. Renal tubule
What is the function of the renal corpuscle? - ANSWER ✨✔---Renal corpuscle filters blood plasma
What is the function of the renal tubule? - ANSWER ✨✔---Renal tubule refines the filtered fluid
(filtrate) into urine
Identify the components of a nephron and their functions. - ANSWER ✨✔---Renal corpuscle: filters
blood plasma Renal tubule: refines the filtered fluid (filtrate) into urine
Identify the components of the renal tubule. - ANSWER ✨✔---Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT),
Nephron loop (loop of Henle), Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Identify the cells that produce insulin. - ANSWER ✨✔---Beta cells or B cells of the pancreatic islets
Identify the cells that produce calcitonin. - ANSWER ✨✔---parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
Identify the stimulus for release of insulin. - ANSWER ✨✔---high blood glucose levels
(hyperglycemia)
, Identify the cells that produce glucagon. - ANSWER ✨✔---alpha cells (A cells) of the pancreatic
islets
Identify the stimulus for release of glucagon. - ANSWER ✨✔---Low blood glucose levels
(hypoglycemia)
Identify the enzyme that is involved in the pathways of external and internal respiration and the
reaction that it catalyzes - ANSWER ✨✔---carbonic anhydrase and it catalyzes the conversion of
carbon dioxide into carbonic acid
Identify the methods of carbon dioxide transwerport within blood - ANSWER ✨✔---1. Dissolved
carbon dioxide 2. carbamino compounds 3. bicarbonate ions
Identify the methods of oxygen transwerport within blood. - ANSWER ✨✔---1. dissolved oxygen 2.
oxyhemoglobin
Define hypoxia - ANSWER ✨✔---a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level
Define hypocapnia - ANSWER ✨✔---deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
Define hypercapnia - ANSWER ✨✔---elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
Identify a potential causes of an elevated basophil count. - ANSWER ✨✔---Basophils elevate
during allergic reactions
Identify the structure that fails to function properly when a person chokes. - ANSWER ✨✔---
epiglottis
Identify the structure that fails to function properly during the clinical condition of gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD). - ANSWER ✨✔---lower esophageal sphincter
