Anatomy & Physiology 252: Exam 2 Review
– Complete Study Guide 2026
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?
-water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
-lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol - ANSWER ✨✔---water-soluble
hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
-phospholipase C
-adenylate cyclase
-phosphodiesterase
-protein kinase C - ANSWER ✨✔---phosphodiesterase
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
-intracellular receptors
-tyrosine kinase receptors
-G proteins - ANSWER ✨✔---tyrosine kinase receptors
,Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
-activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3
-activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
-activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP -
ANSWER ✨✔---activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion
of ATP to cAMP
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
-tyrosine kinase
-cAMP
-DAG
-IP3 - ANSWER ✨✔---IP3
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
-β receptors
-α2 receptors
-α1 receptors - ANSWER ✨✔---β receptors
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
-cortisol
-epinephrine
-insulin - ANSWER ✨✔---cortisol
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
, -increasing protein kinases
-phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
-activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell - ANSWER ✨✔---activation of
genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
-directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome
-activates a protein kinase
-phosphorylates a protein
-acts as a transwercription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene - ANSWER ✨✔---acts as a
transwercription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
-thyroid hormone
-cortisol
-insulin - ANSWER ✨✔---thyroid hormone
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
-Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.
-transwercription factors
-chaperone proteins (chaperonins) - ANSWER ✨✔---chaperonins
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-growth hormone (GH)
– Complete Study Guide 2026
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?
-water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
-lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol - ANSWER ✨✔---water-soluble
hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
-phospholipase C
-adenylate cyclase
-phosphodiesterase
-protein kinase C - ANSWER ✨✔---phosphodiesterase
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
-intracellular receptors
-tyrosine kinase receptors
-G proteins - ANSWER ✨✔---tyrosine kinase receptors
,Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
-activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3
-activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
-activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP -
ANSWER ✨✔---activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion
of ATP to cAMP
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
-tyrosine kinase
-cAMP
-DAG
-IP3 - ANSWER ✨✔---IP3
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
-β receptors
-α2 receptors
-α1 receptors - ANSWER ✨✔---β receptors
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
-cortisol
-epinephrine
-insulin - ANSWER ✨✔---cortisol
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
, -increasing protein kinases
-phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
-activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell - ANSWER ✨✔---activation of
genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
-directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome
-activates a protein kinase
-phosphorylates a protein
-acts as a transwercription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene - ANSWER ✨✔---acts as a
transwercription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
-thyroid hormone
-cortisol
-insulin - ANSWER ✨✔---thyroid hormone
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
-Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.
-transwercription factors
-chaperone proteins (chaperonins) - ANSWER ✨✔---chaperonins
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-growth hormone (GH)
