PSYCH 10 PAQUETTE-SMITH WINTER 2019 (MIDTERM) EXAM
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Historical roots of psychology - ANSWER study of mind & behavior dates back to
Ancient Egypt & Greece
Phrenology - ANSWER early attempt at studying the functions of parts of the brain;
certain "bumps" correlated with personality traits
Wilheim Wundt - ANSWER set up first psychology lab in 1879; conducted reaction time
studies & studied Structuralism
Schools of Thought - ANSWER trends/fads in psychology
Structuralism - ANSWER analyzed conscious experience by breaking it down to basic
elements; Wilheim Wundt & Edward Titchener (late 19th-20th cen)
Functionalism - ANSWER studied purpose & function of behaviors + mental processes,
influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution; William James (late 19th-20th cen)
Psychoanalysis - ANSWER focused on unconscious processes; Sigmund Freud (late
19th-20th cen)
,Behaviorism - ANSWER studied observable behavior, less subjective & reduced to
stimulus-response associations; John B. Watson (early-mid 20th cen)
Cognitive psychology/neuroscience - ANSWER focused on mental processes & how
brain works; Elizabeth Loftus (mid 20th-now)
Cross-cultural psychology - ANSWER focus on comparing/contrasting behavior across
cultures; psychology = W.E.I.R.D (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic)
Scientific method (steps) - ANSWER 1) Form testable & falsifiable hypothesis
2) Design study
3) Collect data
4) Analyze data & make conclusions
5) Report findings
& repeat
Operationalization - ANSWER turning abstract contract -> concrete, measurable data; EX:
anger -> # of hits
Correlational design - ANSWER goal = testing association between two variables; values
between 1 & -1
, Positive correlation - ANSWER ^^ or vv; perfect value = 1
Negative correlation - ANSWER ^v or v^; perfect value = -1
Advantages of correlational design - ANSWER - easier to obtain data
- establish existence of relationships
- inspire new experiments
Disadvantages of correlational design - ANSWER - causation =/= correlation
3rd variable problem - ANSWER 3rd factor that affects both variables (ie, C -> A & B)
Directionality problem - ANSWER can't determine which variable causes which (ie, A -> B
or B -> A?)
Experimental design - ANSWER testing causal link between two variables
Independent variable (IV) - ANSWER variable being manipulated
Dependent variable (DV) - ANSWER variable being measured
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Historical roots of psychology - ANSWER study of mind & behavior dates back to
Ancient Egypt & Greece
Phrenology - ANSWER early attempt at studying the functions of parts of the brain;
certain "bumps" correlated with personality traits
Wilheim Wundt - ANSWER set up first psychology lab in 1879; conducted reaction time
studies & studied Structuralism
Schools of Thought - ANSWER trends/fads in psychology
Structuralism - ANSWER analyzed conscious experience by breaking it down to basic
elements; Wilheim Wundt & Edward Titchener (late 19th-20th cen)
Functionalism - ANSWER studied purpose & function of behaviors + mental processes,
influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution; William James (late 19th-20th cen)
Psychoanalysis - ANSWER focused on unconscious processes; Sigmund Freud (late
19th-20th cen)
,Behaviorism - ANSWER studied observable behavior, less subjective & reduced to
stimulus-response associations; John B. Watson (early-mid 20th cen)
Cognitive psychology/neuroscience - ANSWER focused on mental processes & how
brain works; Elizabeth Loftus (mid 20th-now)
Cross-cultural psychology - ANSWER focus on comparing/contrasting behavior across
cultures; psychology = W.E.I.R.D (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic)
Scientific method (steps) - ANSWER 1) Form testable & falsifiable hypothesis
2) Design study
3) Collect data
4) Analyze data & make conclusions
5) Report findings
& repeat
Operationalization - ANSWER turning abstract contract -> concrete, measurable data; EX:
anger -> # of hits
Correlational design - ANSWER goal = testing association between two variables; values
between 1 & -1
, Positive correlation - ANSWER ^^ or vv; perfect value = 1
Negative correlation - ANSWER ^v or v^; perfect value = -1
Advantages of correlational design - ANSWER - easier to obtain data
- establish existence of relationships
- inspire new experiments
Disadvantages of correlational design - ANSWER - causation =/= correlation
3rd variable problem - ANSWER 3rd factor that affects both variables (ie, C -> A & B)
Directionality problem - ANSWER can't determine which variable causes which (ie, A -> B
or B -> A?)
Experimental design - ANSWER testing causal link between two variables
Independent variable (IV) - ANSWER variable being manipulated
Dependent variable (DV) - ANSWER variable being measured
