ASM 275 UNIT 3 COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026
FULL ANSWERS REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ animal scavenging. Answer: 1. Scatter bones
2. Break bones
3. Remove and chew bones
Marks on bone, rodent and teeth marks
◉ Teeth puncutre. Answer: Tooth penerate bone
◉ Pitting. Answer: Teeth dont penetrate bone
Scoring
◉ Scoring. Answer: Shallow grooves
◉ Furrow. Answer: Deep groove
◉ Burning changes. Answer: Shrinkage of bone, discoloring based
on heat
,◉ Weathering. Answer: Sunlight causes bleaching, shrinking and
warping
◉ Water Transportation. Answer: lighter, less dense, rounder objects
float away
Heaver, denser, flatter objects do not move far
◉ Three main elements of firearms that have direct effects on bone.
Answer: - Size
- Construction
- Velocity
◉ Goals of ballistics. Answer: - The nature of the trauma may
provide evidence as to:
- Type of firearm (handgun, rifle, shotgun, other)
- Characteristics of the projectile (size and composition)
- Position of shooter relative to victim (distance, orientation)
- Sequence of wounds (number, sequence)
◉ Absence of signs of projectile trauma. Answer: Absence of
evidence of projectile trauma on bone does not eliminate possibility
of projectile trauma to an individual, as it could have just missed the
bone
,◉ Three main types of firearms. Answer: - Handguns (single
projectile) GSW
- Rifles (single projectile) GSW
- Shotguns (multiple projectiles) SGW
◉ Size. Answer: The diameter of a projectile and/or barrel of a
weapon (from .05" to .5")
◉ Determining size of a firearm. Answer: The size of a projective or
weapon barrel is measured in terms of caliber, gauge, or number
◉ Type of size for different firearms. Answer: - Caliber for handguns
and rifles
- Gauge and number for shotguns (with one exception: .410 bore
shotgun).
◉ Caliber. Answer: Diameter of bullet or barrel of handgun or rifle
measured in hundredths of an inch or mm.
◉ Determination of caliber. Answer: - Determination of caliber is
complicated by the fact that the actual diameter of bullets is
sometimes less or greater than that advertised by their
manufacturers
, - Shotguns are more complicated because their barrel diameters are
measured in gauges, while the pellets they expel are measured by
number
◉ Gauge. Answer: The maximum weight of a lead ball that would fit
down the barrel of the weapon (ex: 10 gauge = 1/10th of a pound
ball)
◉ Number. Answer: Number refers to pellet size, either birdshot or
buckshot
◉ Pellets. Answer: Solid balls made of lead and steel
◉ Determining pellet size. Answer: - Pellet size denoted by
birdshot/buckshot number, linear relation btwn birdshot number &
pellet size (ex: #12 shot has .05" diameter, #11 shot has .06"
diameter)
- Buckshot numbers range from 4-0/00, but the relationship
between pellet size and buckshot number is not linear (#3 buck =
.25, #1 buck = .30)
- Shotgun ammunition designed to expel 1 oz of pellets independent
of size (00 buck holds 9 pellets that equal 1 oz, #6 birdshot holds
225 pellets that equal 1 oz)
FULL ANSWERS REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ animal scavenging. Answer: 1. Scatter bones
2. Break bones
3. Remove and chew bones
Marks on bone, rodent and teeth marks
◉ Teeth puncutre. Answer: Tooth penerate bone
◉ Pitting. Answer: Teeth dont penetrate bone
Scoring
◉ Scoring. Answer: Shallow grooves
◉ Furrow. Answer: Deep groove
◉ Burning changes. Answer: Shrinkage of bone, discoloring based
on heat
,◉ Weathering. Answer: Sunlight causes bleaching, shrinking and
warping
◉ Water Transportation. Answer: lighter, less dense, rounder objects
float away
Heaver, denser, flatter objects do not move far
◉ Three main elements of firearms that have direct effects on bone.
Answer: - Size
- Construction
- Velocity
◉ Goals of ballistics. Answer: - The nature of the trauma may
provide evidence as to:
- Type of firearm (handgun, rifle, shotgun, other)
- Characteristics of the projectile (size and composition)
- Position of shooter relative to victim (distance, orientation)
- Sequence of wounds (number, sequence)
◉ Absence of signs of projectile trauma. Answer: Absence of
evidence of projectile trauma on bone does not eliminate possibility
of projectile trauma to an individual, as it could have just missed the
bone
,◉ Three main types of firearms. Answer: - Handguns (single
projectile) GSW
- Rifles (single projectile) GSW
- Shotguns (multiple projectiles) SGW
◉ Size. Answer: The diameter of a projectile and/or barrel of a
weapon (from .05" to .5")
◉ Determining size of a firearm. Answer: The size of a projective or
weapon barrel is measured in terms of caliber, gauge, or number
◉ Type of size for different firearms. Answer: - Caliber for handguns
and rifles
- Gauge and number for shotguns (with one exception: .410 bore
shotgun).
◉ Caliber. Answer: Diameter of bullet or barrel of handgun or rifle
measured in hundredths of an inch or mm.
◉ Determination of caliber. Answer: - Determination of caliber is
complicated by the fact that the actual diameter of bullets is
sometimes less or greater than that advertised by their
manufacturers
, - Shotguns are more complicated because their barrel diameters are
measured in gauges, while the pellets they expel are measured by
number
◉ Gauge. Answer: The maximum weight of a lead ball that would fit
down the barrel of the weapon (ex: 10 gauge = 1/10th of a pound
ball)
◉ Number. Answer: Number refers to pellet size, either birdshot or
buckshot
◉ Pellets. Answer: Solid balls made of lead and steel
◉ Determining pellet size. Answer: - Pellet size denoted by
birdshot/buckshot number, linear relation btwn birdshot number &
pellet size (ex: #12 shot has .05" diameter, #11 shot has .06"
diameter)
- Buckshot numbers range from 4-0/00, but the relationship
between pellet size and buckshot number is not linear (#3 buck =
.25, #1 buck = .30)
- Shotgun ammunition designed to expel 1 oz of pellets independent
of size (00 buck holds 9 pellets that equal 1 oz, #6 birdshot holds
225 pellets that equal 1 oz)
