RUTGERS INTRO TO MANAGEMENT EXAM
2026 PRACTICE QUESTION SET TWO
◉ Enterprise Level Management requires implementing Processes
and Practices that identify and deliver superior performance in
innovative and socially responsible organizations by: Answer: -
Identifying and communicating the "Right Work" to be done,
-Designing, implementing, and monitoring the flows of work of the
organization and the work environment so the "Right Work" is
performed effectively and efficiently ("Done Well"),
-Continuously pursuing innovation to create new opportunities and
to improve existing products/services/capabilities
-Adopting values and practices that enable the firm to responsibly
fulfill its obligations to all constituents (customers, communities,
employees, business partners, and shareholders)-
◉ Management Theory has endured a healthy tension between:
Answer: The "Scientists" (engineer, economists, process managers)
The "Humanists" (sociologists, psychologists)
,◉ Three stages of Management Theory evolution Answer: Age of
Scientific Management (1880 - 1940)
Human Relations or Behavioral Movement (1940 - 1980)
Strategic Management (1980 - Present)
◉ Age of Scientific Management Answer: Frederick Taylor -
Principles of Scientific Management, 1911
"the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined
laws, rules, and principles" -- Taylor
The laborer should work according to a process analyzed and
designed by management for optimum efficiency, "the one best
way", allowing him to do as much as possible within a specific time
period. -- Taylor
◉ Human Relations (Behavioral Science) Movement Answer:
Hawthorne Studies (1924 - 1932) - Elton Mayo
-Controlled studies to evaluate various factors (physical conditions,
work schedules, incentive systems) on worker productivity
,-These factors could not explain the change in productivity which
consistently increased
-Turned out two unexpected factors appeared to explain the results:
-Group dynamics - the workers working as a team encouraging each
other
-The workers had been engaged by management in soliciting their
feedback and input
-Thus the behavioral theories gained a foundation from this work
◉ Peter Drucker believed... Answer: a corporation, as a social
institution, in which the capacity and potential of everyone involved
were to be respected
◉ Douglas McGregor,
Theory X and Theory Y Answer: Theory X (people are inherently
lazy),
Theory Y (people want to find meaning in their work and will
contribute in positive ways if the work is well designed)
◉ Economist View that management was initially driven by Answer:
-Manager and his behavior as purely passive participants subject to
the inevitable forces of economic systems
, -Success in business meant rapid and intelligent adaptation to
events occurring outside, in an economy shaped by impersonal,
objective forces that were neither controlled by the manager nor
influenced by his/her reaction to them.
◉ Bruce Henderson (1963) - Answer: Proposed analytical approach
for developing business strategy
◉ Drucker Answer: Results Driven Management, Businesses exist to
produce results
◉ John Kenneth Galbraith (1967) - Answer: raises concern about the
fact that the top 200 US firms controlled 67% of assets, and 60% of
sales, employment, and income -
CONSOLIDATION OF INDUSTRIAL POWER
◉ Declining Confidence in Business Leaders Answer: Forces of
Change:
-Deregulation (airlines, railroads, trucking, telecomm., finance)
-Globalization (New entrants - Japan, Russia, China, India)
-Technology (computers, software changed productivity)
-Mergers & Acquisitions (25% of the firms on the Fortune 500 in
1980 were acquired by 1989)
2026 PRACTICE QUESTION SET TWO
◉ Enterprise Level Management requires implementing Processes
and Practices that identify and deliver superior performance in
innovative and socially responsible organizations by: Answer: -
Identifying and communicating the "Right Work" to be done,
-Designing, implementing, and monitoring the flows of work of the
organization and the work environment so the "Right Work" is
performed effectively and efficiently ("Done Well"),
-Continuously pursuing innovation to create new opportunities and
to improve existing products/services/capabilities
-Adopting values and practices that enable the firm to responsibly
fulfill its obligations to all constituents (customers, communities,
employees, business partners, and shareholders)-
◉ Management Theory has endured a healthy tension between:
Answer: The "Scientists" (engineer, economists, process managers)
The "Humanists" (sociologists, psychologists)
,◉ Three stages of Management Theory evolution Answer: Age of
Scientific Management (1880 - 1940)
Human Relations or Behavioral Movement (1940 - 1980)
Strategic Management (1980 - Present)
◉ Age of Scientific Management Answer: Frederick Taylor -
Principles of Scientific Management, 1911
"the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined
laws, rules, and principles" -- Taylor
The laborer should work according to a process analyzed and
designed by management for optimum efficiency, "the one best
way", allowing him to do as much as possible within a specific time
period. -- Taylor
◉ Human Relations (Behavioral Science) Movement Answer:
Hawthorne Studies (1924 - 1932) - Elton Mayo
-Controlled studies to evaluate various factors (physical conditions,
work schedules, incentive systems) on worker productivity
,-These factors could not explain the change in productivity which
consistently increased
-Turned out two unexpected factors appeared to explain the results:
-Group dynamics - the workers working as a team encouraging each
other
-The workers had been engaged by management in soliciting their
feedback and input
-Thus the behavioral theories gained a foundation from this work
◉ Peter Drucker believed... Answer: a corporation, as a social
institution, in which the capacity and potential of everyone involved
were to be respected
◉ Douglas McGregor,
Theory X and Theory Y Answer: Theory X (people are inherently
lazy),
Theory Y (people want to find meaning in their work and will
contribute in positive ways if the work is well designed)
◉ Economist View that management was initially driven by Answer:
-Manager and his behavior as purely passive participants subject to
the inevitable forces of economic systems
, -Success in business meant rapid and intelligent adaptation to
events occurring outside, in an economy shaped by impersonal,
objective forces that were neither controlled by the manager nor
influenced by his/her reaction to them.
◉ Bruce Henderson (1963) - Answer: Proposed analytical approach
for developing business strategy
◉ Drucker Answer: Results Driven Management, Businesses exist to
produce results
◉ John Kenneth Galbraith (1967) - Answer: raises concern about the
fact that the top 200 US firms controlled 67% of assets, and 60% of
sales, employment, and income -
CONSOLIDATION OF INDUSTRIAL POWER
◉ Declining Confidence in Business Leaders Answer: Forces of
Change:
-Deregulation (airlines, railroads, trucking, telecomm., finance)
-Globalization (New entrants - Japan, Russia, China, India)
-Technology (computers, software changed productivity)
-Mergers & Acquisitions (25% of the firms on the Fortune 500 in
1980 were acquired by 1989)
