GENETICS FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔sexual reproduction - ✔✔process by which two cells from different parent unite to
produce the first cell of a new organism
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions
of their chromatids during meiosis (also called gene shuffling)
✔✔genetic variation - ✔✔genetic differences within a species
✔✔fertilization - ✔✔a process in sexual reproduction in which a sperm unites with an
egg to make the first cell of a new organism, or zygote
✔✔zygote - ✔✔fertilized egg
✔✔somatic cell - ✔✔body cell (non-sex cell)
✔✔haploid (N) - ✔✔term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of
chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23)
✔✔diploid (2N) - ✔✔term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homolgous
chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46)
✔✔chromosomal mutation - ✔✔mutation that affects the number or structure of whole
chromosomes
✔✔deletion chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that involves the loss of all or part of
a chromosome
✔✔duplication chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that produces extra copies of
parts of a chromosome
✔✔inversion chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that reverses the direction of parts
of a chromosome
✔✔translocation chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that occurs when part of one
chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
✔✔nondisjunction - ✔✔the most common error in meiosis and occurs when
homologous chromosomes fail to separate
, ✔✔trisomy - ✔✔a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the
cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities
✔✔polyploidy - ✔✔condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
because a complete set of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis (ex. 3N or
4N)
✔✔DNA fingerprinting - ✔✔an individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs,
determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes
✔✔genetic engineering - ✔✔the process of making changes in the DNA code of living
organisms
✔✔genetically modified organism (GMO) - ✔✔one that has artificially acquired one or
more genes from the same or different species
✔✔plasmid - ✔✔circular DNA found in bacteria
✔✔recombinant DNA - ✔✔DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms
(DNA is cut out of one organism and recombined with another organism's DNA)
✔✔enzyme - ✔✔protein that speeds up chemical reactions in organisms
✔✔restriction enzyme - ✔✔DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria
✔✔biotechnology - ✔✔the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the
manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management, as in waste
recycling
✔✔karyotype - ✔✔a picture of an organism's genome and can be used for
chromosomal anlysis
✔✔ genetics - ✔✔the study of heredity
✔✔heredity - ✔✔the passing of traits from one generation to the next
✔✔trait - ✔✔a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
✔✔gene - ✔✔sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
✔✔genome - ✔✔the entire "library" of genetic instructions in DNA that an organism
inherits
✔✔Gregor Mendel - ✔✔father of genetics
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔sexual reproduction - ✔✔process by which two cells from different parent unite to
produce the first cell of a new organism
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions
of their chromatids during meiosis (also called gene shuffling)
✔✔genetic variation - ✔✔genetic differences within a species
✔✔fertilization - ✔✔a process in sexual reproduction in which a sperm unites with an
egg to make the first cell of a new organism, or zygote
✔✔zygote - ✔✔fertilized egg
✔✔somatic cell - ✔✔body cell (non-sex cell)
✔✔haploid (N) - ✔✔term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of
chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23)
✔✔diploid (2N) - ✔✔term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homolgous
chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46)
✔✔chromosomal mutation - ✔✔mutation that affects the number or structure of whole
chromosomes
✔✔deletion chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that involves the loss of all or part of
a chromosome
✔✔duplication chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that produces extra copies of
parts of a chromosome
✔✔inversion chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that reverses the direction of parts
of a chromosome
✔✔translocation chromosomal mutation - ✔✔a mutation that occurs when part of one
chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
✔✔nondisjunction - ✔✔the most common error in meiosis and occurs when
homologous chromosomes fail to separate
, ✔✔trisomy - ✔✔a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the
cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities
✔✔polyploidy - ✔✔condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
because a complete set of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis (ex. 3N or
4N)
✔✔DNA fingerprinting - ✔✔an individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs,
determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes
✔✔genetic engineering - ✔✔the process of making changes in the DNA code of living
organisms
✔✔genetically modified organism (GMO) - ✔✔one that has artificially acquired one or
more genes from the same or different species
✔✔plasmid - ✔✔circular DNA found in bacteria
✔✔recombinant DNA - ✔✔DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms
(DNA is cut out of one organism and recombined with another organism's DNA)
✔✔enzyme - ✔✔protein that speeds up chemical reactions in organisms
✔✔restriction enzyme - ✔✔DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria
✔✔biotechnology - ✔✔the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the
manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management, as in waste
recycling
✔✔karyotype - ✔✔a picture of an organism's genome and can be used for
chromosomal anlysis
✔✔ genetics - ✔✔the study of heredity
✔✔heredity - ✔✔the passing of traits from one generation to the next
✔✔trait - ✔✔a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
✔✔gene - ✔✔sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
✔✔genome - ✔✔the entire "library" of genetic instructions in DNA that an organism
inherits
✔✔Gregor Mendel - ✔✔father of genetics
