Fisdap Airway Study Guide Finals Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

Fisdap Airway Study Guide Finals Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct Respiratory failure - ANSWER -inadequate blood oxygenation and or ventilation to meet the metabolic demands of body tissue Retractions - ANSWER -use of accessory muscles Supraglottic - ANSWER -airway structure above vocal chords Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) - ANSWER -vent setting that generally allows the patient to inspire at will and to the depth that he or she desires Tracheostomy - ANSWER -surgical hole in the anterior trachea for breathing Tuberculosis (TB) - ANSWER -highly contagious bacterial infection known for causing pneumonia and infecting other parts of the body Peritonsillar abscess (PTA) - ANSWER -infection of tissue between the tonsil and pharynx Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) - ANSWER -a virus linked to bronchiolitis in infants and children Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) - ANSWER -any of several bacterial strains of S. aureus resistant to methicillin (a penicillin) and related drugs Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) - ANSWER -viral syndrome causing nasal congestion and fever Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) - ANSWER -bacteria resistant to vancomycin Apneustic Breathing (pages 476 - 477) - ANSWER -Located in the pons, the apneustic center is the backup control center of involuntary respiration, secondary to the medulla oblongata. It stimulates the inspiratory center prolonging inhalation and inhibiting expiration. Another center located in the pons is the pneumotaxic center. It's main function is to inhibit inspiration, or act as a "shut off switch" for inhalation. The impulses of the pneumotaxic center normally override the the impulses of the apneustic center. When the pneumotaxic center is damaged, a respiratory pattern called apneustic respirations (a.k.a. apneusis) may occur. This consists of prolonged inhalation with decreased exhalation. Characteristics of Cystic Fibrosis (pages 716 - 717) - ANSWER -Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that affects mostly the lungs, but also the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It is mainly characterized by a change in the functioning chemistry of the glands that create thicker than normal secretions. These thicker than normal secretions cause chronic infections, resulting in the most common complication of the disease - pulmonary infections. Most fatalities from the disease result from progressive lung disease. Patients may present similar to those with COPD or pneumonia. You may see cough, chest wall pain, dyspnea, or fever. Physical examination may crackles on auscultation. The chest wall may be tender on palpation. As with other pulmonary disease processes, management hinges on supplemental oxygen, ventilation, and monitoring of oxygenation, ventilation function, and cardiac function. Complications of ET Tube Placement (pages 530 - 531) - ANSWER -If used incorrectly, a laryngoscope can break teeth and cause soft tissue damage. This can cause severe bleeding, further compromising the airway. Manipulation of any tissue can result in swelling, and if severe, laryngeal swelling can further obstruct airflow. Stimulation of the laryngeal structures may induce spasm of the larynx, especially in a patient with an intact or partially intact gag reflex. Spasm of the vocal cords will make it nearly impossible to pass an ET tube into the trachea. Severe laryngospasm obstructs the airway and further compromises oxygenation. Direct manipulation of the vocal cords with the tip of the laryngoscope blade or traumatically forcing a tube past the vocal cords may lead to nerve or direct cord damage, possibly resulting in permanent voice changes. Overinflation of the cuff after the tube is placed in the trachea can interfere with adequate blood flow and oxygenation to the mucosal lining that the cuff is pressed against, resulting in tissue death. Barotrauma is an injury that results from rapid or extreme changes in pressure. Overinflation of the lungs, especially when using positive pressure ventilation, can cause a tension pneumothorax. Patients with an underlying lung pathology, such as emphysema, are especially susceptible. Overinflation may cause a weakness to develop in the alveoli, alveolar ducts, or bronchioles called a bleb. This bleb could cause lung tissue to rupture, forcing air to leak into the pleural space, causing a pneumothorax. Accidental endobronchial intubation can occur from placing the ET tube too deep into the airway. What most commonly happens is that the tube is inserted into the right mainstream bronchus. This results in ventilation and oxygenation of only the right lung, with resulting hypoxia and inadequate gas exchange from the opposite lung. Esophageal Complications of Hyperventilation (pages 530 - 531, 722) - ANSWER -Can lower CO2 because the rate or depth of breathing of blowing off too much CO2, causing respiratory alkalosis. Barotrauma is an injury that results from rapid or extreme changes in pressure. Overinflation of the lungs, especially when using positive pressure ventilation, can cause a tension pneumothorax. Patients with an underlying lung pathology, such as emphysema, are especially susceptible. Overinflation may cause a weakness to develop in the alveoli, alveolar ducts, or bronchioles called a bleb. This bleb could cause lung tissue to rupture, forcing air to leak into the pleural space, causing a pneumothorax. Hyperventilation while using a BVM can cause gastric distention, vomiting, and aspiration. The aspirated vomitus may cause further complications such as occlusion of the airway, poor bag compliance, and pulmonary infections such as pneumonia. Complications of Intubating a Burn Patient (book 2, page 368) - ANSWER Airway edema progresses rapidly, obstructing the view of the landmarks used for intubation. Landmarks may be discolored, from soot or burned tissue, making it significantly more difficult to intubate. An example of this is that the normally white vocal cords may be black from inhaled soot. After the tube is placed, tape does not work well in the presence of facial burns because it does not adhere well. Another securement device should be used. In pediatric patients, the airway is much smaller than an adult's. Swelling will obstruct the airway much quicker than in the adult. If intubation is necessary, do it sooner rather than later in a pediatric patient. Complications of Toxic Inhalation (book 2, page 356) - ANSWER -As with all burns, airway management is key because the airway can become severely compromised is a very short period of time. Because of the potential lack of oxygen in the environment, patients may be hypoxic. Place toxic inhalation patients on supplemental oxygen via NRB. Treatment of chemical injuries revolves around the following basic steps: 1. Remove the exposed patient from the environment. 2. Secure the airway. 3. Provide supplemental oxygen. 4. Assist with ventilation. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) - ANSWER -CHF is caused by a condition which reduces the efficiency of the heart muscle, through damage or overloading. It can