BBH 440 exam 3 Questions and
Answers 100% PASS
In cohort studies, __________ is always identified before _____________ -
CORRECT ANSWER-In cohort studies, exposure is always identified before
outcome
Consider a study designed to examine the association between lead exposure and
liver cancer. Only individuals who work in lead factories are considered for
inclusion in the cohort. This is an example of a(n)_______ cohort study -
CORRECT ANSWER-Exposure-based
Case-control study - CORRECT ANSWER-Always retrospective
Outcome is defined before exposure
Odds-ratio is measure of association
Selected health outcomes compared with another group that has not been exposed
,Prospective cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-A current study group is
selected first, individuals are classified as exposed or not exposed, and then the
group is studied into the future
Retrospective cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-A study group is selected
from some time in the past, individuals are classified as exposed or not exposed,
and then the group is studied up to the present time (and sometimes into the
future)
Cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-Study of a group of individuals who have
been exposed and are followed over time
Risk ratio is measure of association
Predictor variable measured before outcome has occurred
Measure of association provides a more definitive indication ofcausation
Describe the steps in the design of a cohort study: - CORRECT ANSWER-
Identify groups with and without a given exposure
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,Eliminate any individuals that have had disease of interest
Groups followed in time to determine incidence among exposed and non-exposed
Determine relative risk (risk ratio)
four advantages of prospective cohort studies - CORRECT ANSWER-Most direct
and specific test of hypothesis
Greater control over size of cohort
Biological and physiological measures completed with reduced possibility of
underlying disease influence
Direct measures of environment can be made to define exposures precisely
Retrospective cohort studies provide more definitive evidence for inferring
causation than prospective studies.
1. True
2.False - CORRECT ANSWER-2.False
, Risk ratios imply causation and can be literally interpreted as the degree of risk
associated with exposure.
a. True
b. False - CORRECT ANSWER-a. Ture
Which of the following is not an advantage of a cohort study design compared to
case-control studies?
1. Less susceptible to bias
2. Permits assessment of multiple outcomes
3. Permits assessment of multiple risk factors
4. Provides stronger evidence for cause and effect - CORRECT ANSWER-3.
Permits assessment of multiple risk factors
five disadvantages of cohort studies: - CORRECT ANSWER-Requires time and
money
Not suited for rare outcomes
Limited to assessment of one risk factor
Susceptible to follow-up loss
May be influenced by changes in culture or environment
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Answers 100% PASS
In cohort studies, __________ is always identified before _____________ -
CORRECT ANSWER-In cohort studies, exposure is always identified before
outcome
Consider a study designed to examine the association between lead exposure and
liver cancer. Only individuals who work in lead factories are considered for
inclusion in the cohort. This is an example of a(n)_______ cohort study -
CORRECT ANSWER-Exposure-based
Case-control study - CORRECT ANSWER-Always retrospective
Outcome is defined before exposure
Odds-ratio is measure of association
Selected health outcomes compared with another group that has not been exposed
,Prospective cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-A current study group is
selected first, individuals are classified as exposed or not exposed, and then the
group is studied into the future
Retrospective cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-A study group is selected
from some time in the past, individuals are classified as exposed or not exposed,
and then the group is studied up to the present time (and sometimes into the
future)
Cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-Study of a group of individuals who have
been exposed and are followed over time
Risk ratio is measure of association
Predictor variable measured before outcome has occurred
Measure of association provides a more definitive indication ofcausation
Describe the steps in the design of a cohort study: - CORRECT ANSWER-
Identify groups with and without a given exposure
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Eliminate any individuals that have had disease of interest
Groups followed in time to determine incidence among exposed and non-exposed
Determine relative risk (risk ratio)
four advantages of prospective cohort studies - CORRECT ANSWER-Most direct
and specific test of hypothesis
Greater control over size of cohort
Biological and physiological measures completed with reduced possibility of
underlying disease influence
Direct measures of environment can be made to define exposures precisely
Retrospective cohort studies provide more definitive evidence for inferring
causation than prospective studies.
1. True
2.False - CORRECT ANSWER-2.False
, Risk ratios imply causation and can be literally interpreted as the degree of risk
associated with exposure.
a. True
b. False - CORRECT ANSWER-a. Ture
Which of the following is not an advantage of a cohort study design compared to
case-control studies?
1. Less susceptible to bias
2. Permits assessment of multiple outcomes
3. Permits assessment of multiple risk factors
4. Provides stronger evidence for cause and effect - CORRECT ANSWER-3.
Permits assessment of multiple risk factors
five disadvantages of cohort studies: - CORRECT ANSWER-Requires time and
money
Not suited for rare outcomes
Limited to assessment of one risk factor
Susceptible to follow-up loss
May be influenced by changes in culture or environment
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
