BIO 143 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
✔✔anterior - ✔✔front
✔✔posterior - ✔✔back
✔✔medial - ✔✔toward the midline
✔✔lateral - ✔✔away from the midline
✔✔proximal - ✔✔closer to the point of attachment
✔✔distal - ✔✔away from the point of attachment
✔✔superficial - ✔✔near the surface
✔✔deep - ✔✔away from the surface
✔✔meninges - ✔✔three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
✔✔protein - ✔✔an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino
acids and that is a principal component of all cells
✔✔fat - ✔✔a large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty
acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.
✔✔proton - ✔✔a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom
✔✔neutron - ✔✔a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom
✔✔electron - ✔✔a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
✔✔factors affecting chemical reactions - ✔✔concentration of reactants, temperature,
presence of catalyst, particle size
✔✔lactase - ✔✔enzyme that breaks down lactose
✔✔respiratory acidosis - ✔✔a drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little
breathing) and a resulting accumulation of CO2
✔✔galactose - ✔✔milk sugar
, ✔✔disaccharides - ✔✔sucrose, lactose, maltose; two monosaccharides bonded
together
✔✔cellulose - ✔✔polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-
cell walls
✔✔HDL cholesterol - ✔✔good cholesterol, transport throughout body
✔✔DNA synthesis - ✔✔copies DNA
✔✔minerals - ✔✔elements found in food that are used by the body
✔✔vitamins - ✔✔compounds that help regulate many vital body processes, including
the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of other nutrients
✔✔organic nutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, water
✔✔glucose metabolism - ✔✔the process by which cells commonly obtain energy by
breaking the chemical bonds of glucose molecules and use this energy to form ATP
✔✔G1 phase - ✔✔stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal
functions
✔✔S phase - ✔✔the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during
which DNA is replicated
✔✔G2 phase - ✔✔the second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
✔✔antibodies - ✔✔specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
✔✔testosterone - ✔✔the most important of the male sex hormones; both males and
females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the
male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during
puberty
✔✔incontinence - ✔✔inability to control bladder and/or bowels
✔✔oogenesis - ✔✔the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
✔✔ectopic pregnancy - ✔✔implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the
normal uterine location
GRADED A+
✔✔anterior - ✔✔front
✔✔posterior - ✔✔back
✔✔medial - ✔✔toward the midline
✔✔lateral - ✔✔away from the midline
✔✔proximal - ✔✔closer to the point of attachment
✔✔distal - ✔✔away from the point of attachment
✔✔superficial - ✔✔near the surface
✔✔deep - ✔✔away from the surface
✔✔meninges - ✔✔three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
✔✔protein - ✔✔an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino
acids and that is a principal component of all cells
✔✔fat - ✔✔a large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty
acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.
✔✔proton - ✔✔a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom
✔✔neutron - ✔✔a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom
✔✔electron - ✔✔a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
✔✔factors affecting chemical reactions - ✔✔concentration of reactants, temperature,
presence of catalyst, particle size
✔✔lactase - ✔✔enzyme that breaks down lactose
✔✔respiratory acidosis - ✔✔a drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little
breathing) and a resulting accumulation of CO2
✔✔galactose - ✔✔milk sugar
, ✔✔disaccharides - ✔✔sucrose, lactose, maltose; two monosaccharides bonded
together
✔✔cellulose - ✔✔polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-
cell walls
✔✔HDL cholesterol - ✔✔good cholesterol, transport throughout body
✔✔DNA synthesis - ✔✔copies DNA
✔✔minerals - ✔✔elements found in food that are used by the body
✔✔vitamins - ✔✔compounds that help regulate many vital body processes, including
the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of other nutrients
✔✔organic nutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, water
✔✔glucose metabolism - ✔✔the process by which cells commonly obtain energy by
breaking the chemical bonds of glucose molecules and use this energy to form ATP
✔✔G1 phase - ✔✔stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal
functions
✔✔S phase - ✔✔the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during
which DNA is replicated
✔✔G2 phase - ✔✔the second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
✔✔antibodies - ✔✔specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
✔✔testosterone - ✔✔the most important of the male sex hormones; both males and
females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the
male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during
puberty
✔✔incontinence - ✔✔inability to control bladder and/or bowels
✔✔oogenesis - ✔✔the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
✔✔ectopic pregnancy - ✔✔implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the
normal uterine location
