NPB 101 MIDTERM 1 STUDY GUIDE
levels of organization - Answers -cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ system -->
organism
Cell - Answers -obtains nutrients/oxygen, exchange of materials, intracellular transport,
metabolism, synthesis, reproduction
4 primary types of tissue - Answers -1) muscle (contractions. skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
2) nervous (signals. central and peripheral)
3) epithelial (exchange. epithelial sheet that form boundaries and glands for secretion
(exocrine for external secretion and endocrine for internal secretion)
4) Connective (structural support. tendons, bones, blood)
Organ - Answers -2 or more primary tissues organized to perform a function
stomach composition - Answers -epithelial (sheet for barrier to digestive juices,
exocrine gran to secrete digestive juices and endocrine gland to regulate exocrine
secretion), muscle (smooth for the wall), nervous (peripheral nerves to regulate
contraction) and connective (structural support)
circulatory system - Answers -hear, blood vessels, blood. transports nutrients, wastes,
electrolytes, hormones, etc.
digestive system - Answers -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestines, salivary glands, pancrease. obtains nutrients, water, electrolytes and
transfers them into plasma
respiratory system - Answers -nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. obtains
oxygen and eliminate co2. regulate ph
urinary system - Answers -kidneys, uteters, urinary bladder, urethra. ph of internal
environment regulate volume, electrolyte composition
skeletal system - Answers -bones, cartilage, joints.
muscular system - Answers -skeletal muscles. heat generating muscle contraction
used in temp regulation
immune system - Answers -white blood cells, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids,
lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, gut associated lymph tissue, skin associate lymph
tissue. defends against foreign invaters
integumentary system - Answers -skin, hair, nails. protective barrier between external
environment and remainder of body. sweat glands, temp regulation
, nervous system - Answers -brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs.
electrical signals to control rapid response and higher funtions. uses neurotransmitters
as chemical messengers. wired
endocrine system - Answers -hormone secreting tissues, hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, adrenals, endocrine pancreas, parathyroids, gonads, kidneys, intestine, heart,
thymus, pineal, skin. hormone secretion to control processes that require duration rather
than speed. wireless. specificity of action dependent on specificity of target cell binding
and responsiveness to particular hormone. generally slow and long action
reproductive system - Answers -male = testes, penis prostate gland, seminal vesicles,
bulbourethreal glands
female = ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts.
claude bernard - Answers -french physiologist. recognized that the specialized
integuments of higher oranisms effectively created an internal environment that can be
controlled independently form outside fluctuations. (milieu interieure)
walter b cannon - Answers -us physiologist. furthered milieu interieure and coined
concept of homeostasis
factors that must be maintained in homeostasis - Answers -concentration of nutrients,
concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide, concentration of waste products, ph,
concentration of water and electrolytes, temperature, volume and pressure, defense
against foreign invaders
intrinsic hoemostasis - Answers -local control systems built into an organ
example of intrinsic homeostasis - Answers -increased co2 production leads to
relaxation of smooth muscles and dilation of blood vessels
extrinsic homeostasis - Answers -external control system outside of an organ permitting
coordinated regulation of several organs
negative feedback - Answers -change in a controlled variable triggers a reponse that
opposes the change (includes a sensor (detection of variable), set point (desired value
of variable), integrator (comparison of sensor's input with set point) and effector (adjusts
value of controlled variable))
positive feedback - Answers -reinforces the change in controlled variable. rarer
feedforward control - Answers -response occuring in anticipation of a change in a
control variable. more common
levels of organization - Answers -cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ system -->
organism
Cell - Answers -obtains nutrients/oxygen, exchange of materials, intracellular transport,
metabolism, synthesis, reproduction
4 primary types of tissue - Answers -1) muscle (contractions. skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
2) nervous (signals. central and peripheral)
3) epithelial (exchange. epithelial sheet that form boundaries and glands for secretion
(exocrine for external secretion and endocrine for internal secretion)
4) Connective (structural support. tendons, bones, blood)
Organ - Answers -2 or more primary tissues organized to perform a function
stomach composition - Answers -epithelial (sheet for barrier to digestive juices,
exocrine gran to secrete digestive juices and endocrine gland to regulate exocrine
secretion), muscle (smooth for the wall), nervous (peripheral nerves to regulate
contraction) and connective (structural support)
circulatory system - Answers -hear, blood vessels, blood. transports nutrients, wastes,
electrolytes, hormones, etc.
digestive system - Answers -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestines, salivary glands, pancrease. obtains nutrients, water, electrolytes and
transfers them into plasma
respiratory system - Answers -nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. obtains
oxygen and eliminate co2. regulate ph
urinary system - Answers -kidneys, uteters, urinary bladder, urethra. ph of internal
environment regulate volume, electrolyte composition
skeletal system - Answers -bones, cartilage, joints.
muscular system - Answers -skeletal muscles. heat generating muscle contraction
used in temp regulation
immune system - Answers -white blood cells, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids,
lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, gut associated lymph tissue, skin associate lymph
tissue. defends against foreign invaters
integumentary system - Answers -skin, hair, nails. protective barrier between external
environment and remainder of body. sweat glands, temp regulation
, nervous system - Answers -brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs.
electrical signals to control rapid response and higher funtions. uses neurotransmitters
as chemical messengers. wired
endocrine system - Answers -hormone secreting tissues, hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, adrenals, endocrine pancreas, parathyroids, gonads, kidneys, intestine, heart,
thymus, pineal, skin. hormone secretion to control processes that require duration rather
than speed. wireless. specificity of action dependent on specificity of target cell binding
and responsiveness to particular hormone. generally slow and long action
reproductive system - Answers -male = testes, penis prostate gland, seminal vesicles,
bulbourethreal glands
female = ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts.
claude bernard - Answers -french physiologist. recognized that the specialized
integuments of higher oranisms effectively created an internal environment that can be
controlled independently form outside fluctuations. (milieu interieure)
walter b cannon - Answers -us physiologist. furthered milieu interieure and coined
concept of homeostasis
factors that must be maintained in homeostasis - Answers -concentration of nutrients,
concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide, concentration of waste products, ph,
concentration of water and electrolytes, temperature, volume and pressure, defense
against foreign invaders
intrinsic hoemostasis - Answers -local control systems built into an organ
example of intrinsic homeostasis - Answers -increased co2 production leads to
relaxation of smooth muscles and dilation of blood vessels
extrinsic homeostasis - Answers -external control system outside of an organ permitting
coordinated regulation of several organs
negative feedback - Answers -change in a controlled variable triggers a reponse that
opposes the change (includes a sensor (detection of variable), set point (desired value
of variable), integrator (comparison of sensor's input with set point) and effector (adjusts
value of controlled variable))
positive feedback - Answers -reinforces the change in controlled variable. rarer
feedforward control - Answers -response occuring in anticipation of a change in a
control variable. more common
